Background. We assessed the prescribing trends, average number of drugs per prescription, and cost per prescription during the initial contact of the patient with the physician in emergency room. Methods. This retro-prospective study was conducted over a period of six months. Medical records of two hundred patients were reviewed for prescribing patterns. Results. 52 different types of drugs (996 drugs) were prescribed in total 200 prescriptions during the mean time spent in emergency room of 2.8 ± 1.4 hours. The average number of drugs per prescription was 4.2 ± 1.2. 95% of drugs were prescribed by trade name. Average drugs cost per prescription was 784 ± 134 rupees (17USD). Conclusion. Polypharmacy remains the main form of irrational prescribing. Prescribing patterns of drugs were knowledge based rather than WHO criteria for rational use of drugs.

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Background: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of sesbania grandiflora linn leaf extracts on diuretic activity in wistar rats.Methods: Healthy male wistar albino rats divided into 9 groups and weighing 150-200gm.diuretic activity was expressed by Natriuretic activity, saluretic activity, carbonic anhydrase inhibition, Diuretic index or Diuretic action, saluretic index, Natriuretic index. Animalgroups are divided into: group1 treated as control, 2and 3 treated as standards, group 4, 5 and 6 treated with aqueous leaf extract of Sesbania grandiflora Linn. in different doses of 150,300,450mg/kg. Group 7,8and 9 treated with methanolic leaf extract of Sesbania grandiflora Linn. Doses of 150,300,450mg/kg.Results: No change in body weight group treated with AE-150 (p>0.05) with AE-150 (0.1%), increase in urine volume with increasing doses both with aqueous and methanolic extracts, sodium excretion with methanolic extract was high compared with the aqueous extract, significant increase in potassium excretion in both aqueous and methanolic extract treated groups.All the statistical tests were done by using SPSS version 6. The level of significance was 5% (p≤0.05).Conclusions: All the electrolytes concentration was increased in the urine, hence excluding osmotic diuretic action. Diuretic index, saluretic activity, saluretic index and natriuretic index of ME-450 were more than the value of hydrochlorothiazide hence excludes thiazide diuretic action. But these values were less than furosemide.

Background: A study to determine the effectiveness of video assisted teaching in knowledge and practice on post-operative exercises among abdominal surgery patients in selected hospitals at Kerala. Methodology: A pre experimental research with group pre-test and post-test design and chosen 40 patients was chosen to assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on post-operative exercises among abdominal surgery patients in tertiary care hospital in Kerala. The study was conducted in tertiary care hospital after obtained the ethical committee approval during the period of July to Dec 2017. Results: The pre-test knowledge, out of 40 patients all of them 40 (100%) had inadequate knowledge on post-operative exercises. In post-test knowledge, out of 40 patients one (2.5%) of them had moderately adequate knowledge, 39 (97.5%) of them had adequate knowledge and none of them had inadequate knowledge in post-test on post-operative exercises. Conclusion: The pre-test knowledge had inadequate knowledge on post-operative exercises among abdominal surgery patients in tertiary care hospital in Kerala.

INTRODUCTIONOsteoarthritis is multifactorial degenerative diseases. It is several factors involving osteoarthritis mainly systemic factors were age, sex, genes and local factors were muscle weakness, joint deformity and specific aetiological factors are still unknown, but may cause mechanical overloading, failure of the chondrocytecontrolled internal remodelling system and extra cartilaginous factors.1 The prevalence is very high especially in elder people.2 It is involves joint lining, cartilage, ligaments and bone, and symptomatic treatment by analgesics, NSAIDs, opioids, chondroitin sulphate, glucosamine, intraarticular corticosteroids, intraarticular hyaluronic acid.3 Osteoarthritis is the fourth most common predictor of problem in women and eighth common predictor was men in global population.4 Knee arthritis is the one of the grater reported site of musculoskeletal pain 5 Developing countries people with the risk of higher physical activities even with less prevalent to obesity. Due to less musculoskeletal surgeries and people lives with severe joint pains in older years while genetic, obesity and smoking are the major risk factors. [6][7][8][9] Earlier studies say that, Common rheumatological problem with joint disease in prevalence of 22% to 39% in India. 10 . Prevalence of osteoarthritis is reported to be in the range of 17 to 60.6% in India 11 .present study deigned to investigate prevalence of ABSTRACT Background: Osteoarthritis is multifactorial in aetiology. Both systemic factors (e.g. age, sex, genes) and local factors (e.g. muscle weakness, joint deformity) appear to influence the risk of individual joints developing the disease. Methods: Total 60 patient's prospective data was collected in S.V. Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital. Collected data were family history, physical activity, illness, addiction, digestive power etc., in patients with osteoarthritis. Results:The study showed 53.33% of previous family history of osteoarthritis and 46.66% were no family history of osteoarthritis. 76.66% gradual disease onset and 23.33% were insidious onset. 100% were having joint pain with swelling. 50% were average digestive power, 36.66% good and 13.33% poor. 30% patients were having addiction of alcohol, 16.66% smoking and alcohol, 16.66% smoking, 3.33% tobacco and 33.33% were no addiction. 66.66% patients were having irregular bowel habit and 33.33% was regular. 41.66% sedentary, 40% active and 18.33% were moderately active. 40% illness was observed during the period of 0-6 months, 30% 1-2 years, 16.66% 6-12 months and 13.33% were 2-5 yrs. 60% cold season and 40% were other seasons. Conclusions: Present study demonstrated that, incidence of osteoarthritis was very high especially in earlier family history of osteoarthritis, gradual disease, joint pain, average digestive power, No addiction, bowel habit Irregular, sedentary, illness during the period of last 6 months and cold season patients.