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Higher order interpolatory vector bases for computational electromagnetics, Ž . ABSTRACT: Se¨eral designs for a 180Њ hybrid coupler are discussed. Using the stepped-impedance method, the bandwidth of an 11 GHz hybrid coupler is increased to approximately 1.6 times the bandwidth of a con¨entional hybrid coupler. Comparisons are made between con¨entional and broadband hybrid couplers, as well as between circular and rectangular designs, and the phase beha¨ior of each is compared for the first time. ᮊ ABSTRACT: In this paper, a ''local wa¨e'' concept using the generalized ( ) 2-D transmission-line equation GTLE to model the ground bounce ( ) GB effect in PCBs is described. The model is then used to characterize the GB effect in PCBs for both the power r ground and the trace r ground configuration. Simulation results for both configurations are presented.