ABSTRACT-White spot syndrome associated baculovlrus (WSBV) is the causative agent of a dlsease which has recently caused high shrimp mortahties and severe damage to shrimp cultures. In thls study, a strain of WSBV from black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon was used to develop a diagnostlc tool for the detection of WSBV and related agent lnfect~ons in shnmp The vlnons were punfied from P monodon Infected with LVSBV V~ral genomlc DNA was extracted from purlfled vinons by treatlng the vlnons \ n t h proteinase K dnd cetyltnmethylammonium bromlde (CTAB) followed by phenol-chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation A qualitative assessment Ivas performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analys~s on the viral DNA and primers specif~c to shrimp genomic DNA in order to mon~t o r shrimp DNA contamination In the viral genomic DNA preparations A WSBV genomlc DNA llbrary was constructed and based upon the sequence of the cloned WSBV DNA fragment, we deslgned a LVSBV-specific prlmer set for PCR to detect WSBV Infection in penaeld shrimp Samples which contained WSBV DNA yielded a n evident ampl~f~catlon product showing the expected moblllty of a 1447-bp DNA fragment whereas n u c l e~c aclds extracted from tissue samples of clln~cally healthy shnmp showed no such DNA fragment, thereby confirming the speclficity of our pnmers By PCR with thls prlmer set, ~t was demonstrated that the causative agents of white spot syndrome in different shnmp specles are closely related An effective diagnostlc tool is thus provided for screening shnmp for \.VSBV infections, and may be important In preventing the further spread of this d~s e a s e KEY WORDS: WSBV . W h~t e s p o t . PmNOBIII . Detection . Penaeid shnmp baculovirus . PCR

The purpose of the present work was to study the possible role of the epithelial Ca(2+) channel (ECaC) in the Ca(2+) uptake mechanism in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio). With rapid amplification of cDNA ends, full-length cDNA encoding the ECaC of zebrafish (zECaC) was cloned and sequenced. The cloned zECaC was 2,578 bp in length and encoded a protein of 709 amino acids that showed up to 73% identity with previously described vertebrate ECaCs. The zECaC was found to be expressed in all tissues examined and began to be expressed in the skin covering the yolk sac of embryos at 24 h postfertilization (hpf). zECaC-expressing cells expanded to cover the skin of the entire yolk sac after embryonic development and began to occur in the gill filaments at 96 hpf, and thereafter zECaC-expressing cells rapidly increased in both gills and yolk sac skin. Corresponding to ECaC expression profile, the Ca(2+) influx and content began to increase at 36-72 hpf. Incubating zebrafish embryos in low-Ca(2+) (0.02 mM) freshwater caused upregulation of the whole body Ca(2+) influx and zECaC expression in both gills and skin. Colocalization of zECaC mRNA and the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit (a marker for mitochondria-rich cells) indicated that only a portion of the mitochondria-rich cells expressed zECaC mRNA. These results suggest that the zECaC plays a key role in Ca(2+) absorption in developing zebrafish.

1 Flavonoids display a wide range of pharmacological properties including anti-in¯ammatory. Anti-mutagenic, anti-carcinogenic and anti-cancer eects. Here, we evaluated the eects of eight avonoids on the tumour cell proliferation, cellular protein phosphorylation, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) secretion. 2 Of the¯avonoids examined, luteolin (Lu) and quercetin (Qu) were the two most potent agents, and signi®cantly inhibited A431 cell proliferation with IC 50 values of 19 and 21 mM, respectively. 3 The epidermal growth factor (EGF) (10 nM) promoted growth of A431 cells (+25+4.6%) and mediated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase activity and autophosphorylation of EGFR were inhibited by Lu and Qu. At concentration of 20 mM, both Lu and Qu markedly decreased the levels of phosphorylation of A431 cellular proteins, including EGFR. 4 A431 cells treated with Lu or Qu exhibited protuberant cytoplasmic blebs and progressive shrinkage morphology. Lu and Qu also time-dependently induced the appearance of a ladder pattern of DNA fragmentation, and this eect was abolished by EGF treatment. 5 The addition of EGF only marginally diminished the inhibitory eect of luteolin and quercetin on the growth rate of A431 cells, treatment of cellular proteins with EGF and luteolin or quercetin greatly reduced protein phosphorylation, indicating Lu and Qu may act eectively to inhibit a wide range of protein kinases, including EGFR tyrosine kinase. 6 EGF increased the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), while Lu and Qu appeared to suppress the secretion of these two MMPs in A431 cells. 7 Examination of the relationship between the chemical structure and inhibitory eects of eight avonoids reveal that the double bond between C2 and C3 in ring C and the OH groups on C3' and C4' in ring B are critical for the biological activities. 8 This study demonstrates that the inhibitory eects of Lu and Qu, and the stimulatory eects of EGF, on tumour cell proliferation, cellular protein phosphorylation, and MMP secretion may be mediated at least partly through EGFR. This study supports the idea that Lu and Qu may have potential as anti-cancer and anti-metastasis agents.

One of the most fundamental biological processes in tumor metastasis is the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). During EMT, zinc-finger-family of transcription factors such as Snail, Slug and Twist, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are upregulated, and this correlates with increased tumor cell invasion and motility. We previously obtained a highly invasive A431-III tumor subline, which is a rich source of MMP-9 and observed a plausible link between MMP levels and the promotion of EMT. To gain further understanding of EMT, we investigated the contribution of distinct MMPs to the induction of EMT. Exposing A431, cervical carcinoma parental cells, to MMP-9 stimulated a phenotypic alteration and cells became spindle-like as shown for A431-III cells. In the present communication, we document changes in gene expression profiles of A431-P and A431-III cells, including those of genes involved in cell adhesion, cytoskeleton reorganization, polarity, migration and transcription. Treatment of both A431-P and A431-III cells with GM6001, a broad spectrum MMP inhibitor, resulted in the diminution of vimentin and fibronectin, indicating a role for MMP-9 in the induction of EMT. Abrogation of MMP-9-mediated cell-cell contact in both A431-P and A431-III cells using MMP-9 siRNA resulted in decreased cell invasion, motility and altered cytoskeleton arrangement together with a reduction in Snail expression. Knockdown of Snail resulted in similar changes along with diminished MMP-9 expression. These data suggest a higher capacity of MMP-9 than that of Snail in eliciting the development of EMT in A431 cells. Based on these findings, we speculate that the overexpression of MMP-9 in A431-III cells might directly induce (or stimulate) EMT and that the transcriptional factor, Snail, could cooperatively engage in this phenomenon. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 815-827) T he spread of cancer through metastasis is considered to be responsible for the majority of cancer mortalities.(1) Alteration in matrix remodeling-related proteolysis in cancers is linked to unregulated tumor growth and cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the most noteworthy proteolytic enzymes that are associated with tumorigenesis.(2) The MMPs belong to a rapidly growing family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that currently includes more than 25 members classified as collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins and membrane-associated MMP.(3,4) Enhanced levels of certain MMPs are associated with cancer growth and are regarded as prime candidates functioning during tumor invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis, and, in some instances, overexpression correlates with poor clinical outcomes.(4) It is believed that MMPs degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM) and thus enable tumor cells to migrate, invade and spread to various secondary sites, where they form metastases.(5,6) Tumor cells require the action of more than one MMP and more general degradative enzymes to cross the tissue barriers they encounter in the proc...