No abstract

While self-report pain intensity ratings are the gold standard in clinical pain assessment, they are highly variable, inherently subjective in nature, and significantly influenced by multidimensional factors. The lack of objective biomarkers for pain has contributed to suboptimal chronic pain management (e.g., opioid public health crisis) [26]. Thus, research focused on the development of quantitative, objective biomarkers/predictors alongside selfreport to aid diagnosis, estimate prognosis, and predict treatment efficacy is of increasing importance to combat chronic pain [24,30,32].Growing consensus has suggested that altered central nervous system processing can support and maintain abnormal pain perception in chronic pain, implicating aberrant activity and connectivity of multiple functional brain networks, including default mode, salience, and 2