The authors compared level of family‐of‐origin dysfunction of counseling and non‐counseling master's‐degree students. Counseling students' families had significantly higher levels of dysfunction, but counselors did not score lower in level of graduate adjustment.

Tracer analysis was applied to a secondary combustion chamber of a rotary kiln incinerator simulator to de®elop a computationally inexpensi®e networked ideal reactor model and allow for the later incorporation of detailed reaction mechanisms. Tracer data from sulfur dioxide tracer experiments were reconstructed using a least-squares approximation that eliminated the intrinsic response of the measurement de®ice and produced a residence time distribution between ®arious points of the combustor. A model was chosen based on the best fit to tracer data, and consistency with physical geometry and temperature measurements. The resulting model showed that the acti®e path was 1 s shorter than the mean residence time calculated from the total ®olumetric flow. The analysis found that complete mixing between the kiln gas and burner stream occurs farther downstream than originally expected. Results underscore the importance of turbulent mixing in reactor design and suggest that different design criteria are needed to ensure complete combustion.

No abstract

Modem communications. data processing systems. and the complexity of modem land warfare have led to the explosion of information in tactical combat organizations. The commander must use this information within a decision process to exploit its value. This monograph examines how the rational and cybernetic decision processes are used in tactical battle command. It explores the decision loop. a cybernetic decision process based on feedback. as a means to connect information directly to action and exploit the time value of information. The rational decision process. the analytical process of choosing an optimum course among alternatives. does not support the rapid use of information. The cybernetic decision model, the use of feedback to regulate action. provides an alternate means of exploiting the time value of information. This model views command as a control problem with the objective of controlling both the enemy and friendly forces on the battlefield. In order to control the battlefield. the variety (a function of the number and type of component pans, and possibilities of employment) of the control system must match the system being controlled. The criteria of fast-acting. self-regulating. and self-organizing are applied to analyze the Boyd cycle or observe-orient-decide-act (OODA) loop. the recognitionprimed decision (RPD) model. and the Lawson loop. The OODA and RPD loops do not provide the framework for self-regulation or self-organization. The Lawson model differs by providing a regulator that compares feedback to a desired state. This suggests two layers of decision: an execution layer that translates information to action. and a .-7. SECURITY CLASSIFIUTION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRA,