Intestinal microbiota alterations in obese subjects are associated with local and systemic inflammation, suggesting that the obesity-related microbiota composition has a proinflammatory effect.

The present results provide reference values of skin AF for healthy Caucasian control subjects over a broad age range. A major contribution of age and some interaction of smoking and gender were observed, resulting in reference values of skin AF suitable for clinical settings and future studies.

The data indicate DJBL to be a promising treatment for obesity and type 2 diabetes, causing rapid improvement of glycemic control paralleled by changes in gut hormones.