Improving quality, service, and patient outcomes is an important focus for health care providers. The NHS outcomes framework to improve quality of care can be broadly divided into clinical effectiveness, safety, and patient experience. 1 There is an increasing support for the use of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) in measuring the quality of care across all three areas and to guide service improvement.

After 10 min of laparoscopy 10-20% of expired CO(2) derives from the exogenous CO(2). CO(2) absorption can be measured using a simple mass spectrometric technique.

An experimental sheep model was used for impaction allografting of 12 hemiarthroplasty femoral components placed into two equal-sized groups. In group 1, a 50:50 mixture of ApaPore hydroxyapatite bone-graft substitute and allograft was used. In group 2, ApaPore and allograft were mixed in a 90:10 ratio. Both groups were killed at six months. Ground reaction force results demonstrated no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the two groups at 8, 16 and 24 weeks post-operatively, and all animals remained active. The mean bone turnover rates were significantly greater in group 1, at 0.00206 mm/day, compared to group 2 at 0.0013 mm/day (p < 0.05). The results for the area of new bone formation demonstrated no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the two groups. No significant differences were found between the two groups in thickness of the cement mantle (p > 0.05) and percentage ApaPore-bone contact (p > 0.05). The results of this animal study demonstrated that a mixture of ApaPore allograft in a 90:10 ratio was comparable to using a 50:50 mixture.

The aim of this paper is to review the factors which may affect breath