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In this paper, we discuss a direct measure for aperiodic energy and periodic energy in speech signals. Most measures for aperiodicity have been indirect, such as zero crossing rate, highfrequency energy and the ratio of high-frequency energy to lowfrequency energy. Such indirect measurements will usually fail in situations where there is both strong periodic and aperiodic energy in the speech signal, as in the case of some voiced fricatives or when there is a need to distinguish between high frequency periodic versus high frequency aperiodic energy. We propose an AMDF based temporal method to estimate directly the amount of periodic and aperiodic energy in the speech signal. The algorithm also gives an estimate of the pitch period in periodic regions.

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Whether individuals work in for‐profit organizations, nonprofit agencies, government offices, or international corporations, effective interpersonal skills are crucial. Interpersonal communication focuses on the interactions between people, and involves the continuous, complex, and collaborative process of making meaning, whether it be face to face, over the telephone, via email, or through other mediated channels. The most effective organizational members are those who are skilled interpersonal communicators. In this entry, an overview is provided of the interpersonal communication skills considered to be most important in an organizational context. These include the ability to communicate with superiors and subordinates, listen well, provide feedback and social support to coworkers, conduct interviews, understand the nuances of nonverbal communication, and manage workplace conflict.