In this contemporary untreated cohort of mild HIE, disability occurred in 16% of infants at 18-22 months.

A larger than expected proportion of mild NE infants with abnormal outcomes was observed. Future research should evaluate safety and efficacy of neuroprotection for mild NE.

In our centre, the implementation of TH was followed by an increased fluid retention and higher incidence of hyponatremia. Centres adopting TH should have clear guidelines for fluid and electrolyte management.

In infants receiving therapeutic hypothermia, a high prevalence of intestinal involvement was noted by using ultrasonographic assessment. An association between intestinal findings and severity of hypoxic-ischemic insult was observed. The presence of sloughed mucosa is a potential ultrasonographic sign of severity.