A population-based study of the associations between neighbourhood walkability and different types of physical activity in Canadian men and women. 1-30.

Objective To synthesize literature on the associations between the built environment and physical activity among adults with low socioeconomic status (SES) in Canada. Methods Using a pre-specified study protocol (PROSPERO ID: CRD42019117894), we searched seven databases from inception to November 2018, for peer-reviewed quantitative studies that (1) included adults with low SES living in Canada and (2) estimated the association between self-reported or objectively measured built characteristics and self-reported or objectively measured physical activity. Study quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Findings were synthesized using a narrative approach. Synthesis Of the 8338 citations identified by our search, seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies included adults living in one province (Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, or Quebec), with one study including a national sample. All studies were cross-sectional, and none controlled for residential self-selection. Sampling designs and data collection strategies were heterogeneous. Sample sizes ranged between 78 and 37,241 participants. Most studies measured SES using household income. Street connectivity, greenness, destination density, and walkability were positively associated with physical activity. Relative to the objectively measured built environment, associations between the self-reported built environment and physical activity were less consistent. Studies were of fair to good quality. Conclusion Findings suggest that the neighbourhood built environment is associated with physical activity among adults with low SES in Canada. More rigorous study designs are needed to determine whether or not the built environment and physical activity are causally related within this vulnerable population. Résumé Objectif Faire une synthèse de la littérature scientifique sur les associations entre l'environnement bâti et l'activité physique chez les adultes de faible statut socioéconomique (SSE) au Canada. Méthode À l'aide d'un protocole d'étude préétabli (numéro d'identification PROSPERO : CRD42019117894), nous avons interrogé sept bases de données, entre l'inception de chacune et novembre 2018, pour repérer les études quantitatives évaluées par les pairs qui : 1) incluaient des adultes de faible SSE vivant au Canada; et 2) estimaient l'association entre les caractéristiques autodéclarées ou objectivement mesurées de l'environnement bâti et l'activité physique autodéclarée ou objectivement mesurée.

Two studies document the existence and correlates of a widespread social belief, wherein individuals who have recently moved to a new social environment see their peers as more socially connected than they themselves are. In Study 1, the prevalence of this belief was documented in a large sample of first-year students ( N = 1,099). In Study 2, the prevalence of this social belief was replicated in a targeted sample of university students ( N = 389). Study 2 also documented both positive and negative implications of this belief. Specifically, at any given time, students who believed that their peers were more socially connected reported lower well-being and belonging. Over time, however, the belief that one's peers are moderately more socially connected than oneself was associated with more friendship formation.

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This article was written as a continuation of the debate between Mills (2012) and Dobson (2011, 2012) on record-keeping practices, specifically informing clients of their right to access their records and taking notes during sessions. Prior research has found that clients react positively to being shown their records, but no studies have examined the impact of informing clients of their right to access their records. Research on note-taking has been mixed, showing either a negative impact or no impact. This study investigated how perceptions of a therapist are altered by the following: (a) note-taking during a session, (b) informing clients of their rights to access their records, and (c) the combination of note-taking and record-informing. A total of 110 undergraduate students watched 1 of 4 videos designed to credibly simulate a clinical intake session, and then rated the therapist's competency and professionalism. No differences were found on perceptions of competence or professionalism scores across the groups, suggesting that informing clients of their right to access their records and note-taking during sessions do not have a significant influence of perceptions of a therapist. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.