Objective We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of leflunomide combined with corticosteroids, compared with corticosteroids alone, for IgA nephropathy. Materials and methods Studies were retrieved by searching of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane’s Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang databases on 11 October 2021. A random-effect model incorporating the heterogeneity was used to pool the results. The efficacy outcomes included the complete remission rate of proteinuria, overall response rate (the combined rates of patients with complete and partial remission of proteinuria), changes of urine protein excretion (UPE), serum creatinine (SCr), and estimated glomerular infiltrating rate (eGFR). Results Nineteen studies were included. Patients receiving the combined therapy had a higher complete remission rate (relative risk [RR]: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.08–1.55, p = 0.006; I 2 = 0%) and overall response rate (RR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.10–1.26, p < 0.001, I 2 = 0%) compared to patients who received CS alone. Besides, combined therapy was associated with significantly reduced levels of UPE (mean difference [MD]: −0.30 g/24h, 95% CI: −0.43 to −0.16, p < 0.001; I 2 = 34%) and SCr (MD: −7.55 mmol/L, 95% CI: −11.06 to −4.04, p < 0.001; I 2 = 34%), and increased level of eGFR (MD: 6.51 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , 95% CI: 4.06–8.97, p < 0.001; I 2 = 0%). The incidence of adverse events was not significantly different. Conclusions Combined treatment with leflunomide and corticosteroids was more effective than corticosteroids alone for patients with IgA nephropathy.

Review question / Objective: The efficacy and safety of leflunomide combined with c o r t i c o s t e r o i d s , c o m p a r e d w i t h corticosteroids alone, for the treatment of IgA nephropathy remains unknown. We performed a systematic review and metaanalysis to investigate the efficacy and safety of combined leflunomide and CS for the treatment of IgAN. INPLASY 1 International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols INPLASY PROTOCOL Efficacy and safety of leflunomide combined with corticosteroids for the treatment of IgA nephropathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Lv, G 1 ; Ming, C 2 . To cite: Lv et al. Efficacy and safety of leflunomide combined with corticosteroids for the treatment of IgA nephropathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.