24Missing data and genotyping errors are common in microsatellite data sets. We used 25 simulated data to quantify the effect of these data aberrations on the accuracy of population 26 structure inference. Data sets with complex, randomly-generated, population histories were 27 simulated under the coalescent. Models describing the characteristic patterns of missing data and 28 genotyping error in real microsatellite data sets were used to modify the simulated data sets. 29Accuracy of ordination, tree-based, and model-based methods of inference was evaluated before 30 and after data set modifications. The ability to recover correct population clusters decreased as 31 missing data increased. The rate of decrease was similar among analytical procedures, thus no 32 single analytical approach was preferable. For every 1% of a data matrix that contained missing 33 genotypes, 2-4% fewer correct clusters were found. For every 1% of a matrix that contained 34 erroneous genotypes, 1-2% fewer correct clusters were found using ordination and tree-based

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1. Polyembryonic parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera) have evolved a caste system consisting of morphologically and functionally distinct larvae called soldiers and reproductives.2. Two selective pressures are thought to underlie the evolution of the soldier caste: defence against competitors and resolution of the sex ratio conflict. Previous studies also indicate that soldier development time strongly affects the outcome of intra-specific competition in the polyembryonic encyrtid Copidosoma floridanum Ashmead. This study builds on prior findings by showing that alleles of the metabolic enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) differentially affect soldier development time and the outcome of competition.3. Soldier larvae with the Pgi alleles 100 or 120 emerged on average 65 h post-parasitism, whereas soldier larvae with a third allele, 54, emerged at 67 h. In turn, C. floridanum broods homozygous for the 100 and 120 alleles outcompete broods homozygous for the 54 allele.4. Pgi allelic diversity may be maintained through a life-history trade-off affecting female brood sizes with homozygous broods bearing the developmentally disadvantageous 54 allele producing more adult females than broods bearing alternate common alleles.