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In the formability of sheet metal, distinction is made between the formability at the critical section, the formability of the material, and process efficiency. It is shown that draw-in has an adverse effect on the formability at the critical section, but greatly improves the gross process efficiency, which measures the extent to which the formability of the material is exploited in a particular process. The effect of draw-in on the strain distribution in the workpiece is shown in a triangular coordinate system for strains.

Multi-pass shape drawing is very important to produce steel profiles in round samples. In the current study, a process design system is developed for a multi-pass shape drawing. In general, the number of passes for a multi-pass shape drawing is 2 to 3 when the reduction ratio, drawing stress, and productivity are considered. Therefore, calculating the drawing stress and designing the intermediated die shapes are very important. In order to calculate the drawing stress, a shape drawing load prediction method is proposed using a general axisymmetric drawing load prediction model. An intermediate die shape design method is proposed using the initial and the final product shapes. Based on this analysis, a process design system is developed for multi-pass shape drawing for steel profiles. The system works with AutoCAD. The system was applied to design a shape drawing of a spline.