Aim: To characterize the lip print pattern in a study population and to ascertain its potential for sex determination. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 undergraduate students (144 males and 156 females). Simple random sampling was used. Lip prints were obtained with lipstick and were classified according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification. Data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The prevalence of lip print patterns was presented as frequencies and percentages, and the test of significance of gender difference was done with chi-square at the 95 percent confidence interval. Result: No two lip print patterns were found to be the same. There was a significant difference in the lip print patterns of females and males. In females, the pattern with the highest frequency was type II (40.4%). This was followed by type I (36.5%), type III (13.5%), type V (7.1%), and type IV (2.6%). In males, the pattern with the highest frequency was type IV (28.5%). This was followed by type III (26.4%), types I and V (each 16.0%), and type II (13.2%). When both sexes were considered together, type II was the most frequent pattern. Conclusion: Lip print is unique to individuals and it has potential for sex determination. The most prevalent patterns in females and males were type II and type IV, respectively.

Beauty is most expressed by the face than any other part of the body. The beauty and uniqueness of the face is determined by the sizes and shapes of various parts of the face and various facial angles. The aim of this study was to characterize the angular facial profiles of the Indigenes of Anam, for application in aesthetics. It was a cross sectional study. Sample size was 500 (250 males and 250 females) and age range was between 18 to 40 years. Facial photographs were taken with a digital camera. A computer software was used to measure the following angles: nasofrontal (NF) angle, nasomental (NM) angle, nasofacial (NFa) angle, nasolabial (NL) angle and angle of facial convexity (AFC). Means of the angles were determined and test of significance was done using student t - test. The mean age for the sample was 22.09 ± 0.46 years (females) and 23. 87 ± 0.44 years (males). Females had significantly higher values ​​than males in NF angle (females-134.00 , males-131.0 0 ), NM angle (females-129.0 0 , males-127.0 0 ), NL angle (females-78.9 0 , males-73.4 0 ) and AFC (females-165.0 0 , males-163.0 0 ). There was no significant sex difference in the value of NFa angle (females-40.9 0 , males-40.4 0 ). Some of the facial angular parameters correlated with each other in males and females but the strength of the correlations were small. This study shows that there was significant sex difference in NF, NM, NL angles and AFC, but not in NFa angle. There was mild correlation between the various facial angles in both sexes.

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The solvent of extraction determines the type and amount of phytochemicals extractible from a plant material. Reports have shown that numerous African herbs are rich is potent phytochemicals which have been used in folkloric and orthodox medicine in the prevention and treatment of ailments. This research is geared towards comparing the neuroprotective potency of the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Vernonia amygdalina on the cerebellum of mercury chloride intoxicated Wistar rats. Thirty adult male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups of 5 rats each. Group A was the negative control and had food and water only. Group B was the positive control and was exposed to mercury chloride without treatment. Groups C1 and C2 received 200mg/kg bw of aqueous and methanolic extracts respectively while groups D1 and D2 received 400mg/kg bw of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Vernonia amygdalina respectively. Result of phytochemical analysis shows that water extracted more flavonoids while methanol extracted more phenols. The results of antioxidant studies show that the methanolic extract conferred more protection against oxidative stress than the aqueous extract. Histological results show that aqueous extract conferred more protection than the methanolic extract. We therefore conclude from our report that both the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Vernonia amygdalina confer neuroprotection on the cerebellum of Wistar rats.

Jugular foramen is a hiatus in the posterior cranial fossa that transmits the internal jugular vein among other structures. The knowledge of the jugular foramen is important in neurosurgical procedures. The objective of the study was to characterize the morphology and the dimensions of jugular foramen in dry Nigerian skulls. One hundred and seventy jugular foramens from 85 dry adult skulls of unknown sex were studied. Morphology was studied by observation and measurements were taken with Venier caliper. The parameters that were studied included the shape, septation, medio-lateral diameter, antero-posterior diameter of jugular foramen, and the dome, width and depth of jugular fossa. Oval shaped foramen (77%) was more prevalent than round shaped foramen (23%). Complete septation was found in 19.4% of skulls, while incomplete septation was found in 41.2% of skulls. Absence of septation was found in 39,4% of skulls. Dome over the jugular fossa was present in 67,6% and absent in 32,4% of the skulls. The antero-posterior diameter (right - 13,20mm±2.8, left - 11,72±2.8) and medio-lateral diameter (right – 18.73mm±3.5, left – 17,33mm±3.1) were significantly higher on the right side than on the left side. The depth of jugular fossa was significantly higher on the right side (12.38mm±2.4) than on the left side (10.95mm±2.8). The width of jugular fossa was higher on the right (12.06mm±3.6) than on the left (11.80mm±3.3) but the difference was not significant. The present study demonstrated right sided dominance in the metric parameters of the jugular foramen in our environment. El foramen yugular es un hiato en la fosa craneal posterior que transmite la vena yugular interna entre otras estructuras. El conocimiento del foramen yugular es importante en procedimientos neuro-quirúrgicos. El objetivo del estudio era caracterizar la morfología y las dimensiones del foramen yugular en cráneos nige-rianos secos. Cientos y setenta forámenes yugulares a partir de 85 cráneos secos del adulto de sexo desconocido fueron estudiados. La morfología fue estudiada por la observación y las medidas fueron tomadas con el calibrador de Vernier. Los parámetros que fueron estudiados incluyeron la forma, la tabicación, el diámetro medio-lateral, el diámetro anteroposterior del foramen yugular, y la bóveda, la anchura y la profundidad de la fosa yugular. El agujero de forma oval (el 77%) era más frecuente que el agujero de forma redonda (23%). La tabicación completa fue encontrada en 19,4% de cráneos, mientras que la tabicación incompleta fue encontrada en 41,2% de cráneos. La ausencia de tabicación fue encontrada en 39,4% de cráneos. La bóveda sobre la fosa yugular estaba presente en 67,6% y ausente en 32,4% de los cráneos. El diámetro anteroposterior (derecho: 13,20 mm±2,8, izquierdo: 11,72±2,8) y el diámetro medio-lateral (derecho: 18,73mm ±3,5, izquierdo: 17,33mm±3,1) eran perceptiblemente más altos en el derecho que en el lado izquierdo. La profundidad de la fosa yugular era perceptiblemente más alta en el derecho (12,38mm±2,4) que en el lado izquierdo (10,95mm±2,8). La anchura de la fosa yugular era más alta en la derecha (12,06mm±3,6) que a la izquierda (11,80mm±3,3) pero la diferencia no era significativa. El actual estudio demostró la dominación del lado derecho en los parámetros métricos del foramen yugular en nuestro medio.