Taiwan is commonly noted for its high prevalence of myopia, as well as a long history of more than 20 years of using atropine to control myopia. However, the clinical implications are rarely discussed. This is a cross-sectional study investigating the influence of topical atropine instillation on ocular physiology, visual function, and visual discomfort in children. Aged 7 to 12 years, 212 schoolchildren were recruited and divided into the atropine group and the non-atropine group. Physiological characteristics such as pupil size and intraocular pressure were measured, and a variety of visual functions was also evaluated. A questionnaire was used to investigate the side effects and visual complaints caused by atropine treatment. There was a significant difference in pupil size (OD: 5.40 ± 0.90 vs. 6.60 ± 1.01 mm; OS: 5.42 ± 0.87 vs. 6.64 ± 1.00 mm, p < 0.001) between the two groups. Reductions in near visual acuity, accommodation, convergence ability, and stereopsis were observed in the atropine group. The horizontal pupil diameter enlarged, and visual functions were greatly affected after administration of topical atropine. The changes in visual function during atropine therapy need to be carefully monitored by clinicians, while patient compliance is usually the key to success.

This study tried to propose an innovated idea of solidifying the resolution of gamma camera in routine quality control and recommended a quantified index as minimum detectable difference (MDD) of gamma camera SPECT images using the Taguchi analysis and an indigenous V-shaped slit gauge. The gauge was customized to fulfill the quantitative requirement of the Taguchi analysis. The MDD among slit gauge of derived SPECT image was calculated from two overlapped peak profiles collected from a tangent slice of the V-shaped slit gauge with two nearby peaks. In particular, MDD was evaluated as minimum distance between two peak centers through the Student’s t-test with a constant, 1.96, which indicates that two peak centers separated distant enough to create a 95% confidence level of separation. Eighteen combinations of six gamma camera scanned factors were organized according to Taguchi analysis. Accordingly, (A) collimator, (B) detector to targe distance, (C) total counts, (D) acquired energy width, (E) Matrix size, and (F) zoom of collected ROI with each of two or three levels were organized into 18 groups to collect the slit gauge images according to Taguchi L18 orthogonal array. Then, three well-trained radiologists were ranked the scanned gauge images to derive the fish-bone-plot of signal-to-noise ratio (S/N, dB) and correlated ANOVA. Furthermore, the quantified MDD was proposed to verify the optimal suggestion of gamma camera scanned protocol, and obtained the MDD as 8.4, 7.9, and 7.1 mm for the second group of original L18 preset, conventional, and the optimal preset, respectively. Thus, the optimal preset of gamma camera was achieved in this study. The MDD proved to be a successful index in quantifying the imaging resolution of a gamma camera.

Table of contentsO1 Changes in peripheral refraction associated with decreased ocular axial growth rate in marmosetsAlexandra Benavente-Perez, Ann Nour, Tobin Ansel, Kathleen Abarr, Luying Yan, Keisha Roden, David TroiloO2 PPARα activation suppresses myopia development by increasing scleral collagen synthesis--a new drug target to suppress myopia developmentChanyi Lu, Miaozhen Pan, Min Zheng, Jia Qu, Xiangtian ZhouO3 Evidence and possibilities for local ocular growth regulating signal pathwaysChristine F WildsoetO4 Myopia researches at Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityFan Lu, Xiangtian Zhou, Jie Chen, Jinhua Bao, Liang Hu, Qinmei Wang, Zibing Jin, Jia QuO5 Color, temporal contrast and myopiaFrances Rucker, Stephanie Britton, Stephan Hanowsky, Molly SpatcherO6 The impact of atropine usage on visual function and reading performance in myopic school children in TaiwanHui-Ying Kuo, Ching-Hsiu Ke, I-Hsin Kuo, Chien-Chun Peng, Han-Yin SunO7 Increased time outdoors prevents the onset of myopia: evidence from randomised clinical trialsIan G MorganO8 Environmental risk factors and gene-environment interactions for myopia in the ALSPAC cohortJeremy A. Guggenheim, Rupal L. Shah, Cathy WilliamsO9 Retinal metabolic profiling identifies declines in FP receptor-linked signaling as contributors to form-deprived myopic development in guinea pigsJinglei Yang, Peter S. Reinach, Sen Zhang, Miaozhen Pan, Wenfeng Sun, Bo Liu, Xiangtian ZhouO10 The study of peripheral refraction in moderate and high myopes after one month of wearing orthokeratology lensJun Jiang, Haoran Wu, Fan LuO11 Axial length of school children around the earth’s equatorial area and factors affecting the axial lengthKazuo Tsubota, Hiroko Ozawa, Hidemasa Torii, Shigemasa Takamizawa, Toshihide Kurihara, Kazuno NegishiO12 Processing of defocus in the chicken retina by retinal ganglion cellsKlaus Graef, Daniel Rathbun, Frank SchaeffelO13 Blue SAD light protects against form deprivation myopia in chickens, by local signaling within the retinaLadan Ghodsi, William K. StellO14 Contributions of ON and OFF pathways to emmetropization and form deprivation myopia in miceMachelle T. Pardue, Ranjay Chakraborty, Han na Park, Curran S. Sidhu, P. Michael IuvoneO15 Response of the human choroid to defocusMichael J CollinsO16 What can RNA sequencing tell us about myopic sclera?Nethrajeith Srinvasalu, Sally A McFadden, Paul N BairdO17 Overview of dopamine, retinal function, and myopiaP. Michael IuvoneO18 The eye as a "robust" optical system and myopiaPablo ArtalO19 Effect of discontinuation of orthokeratology lens wear on axial elongation in childrenPauline Cho, SW CheungO20 Myopia prevention in TaiwanPei-Chang WuO21 Alternatives to ultraviolet light and riboflavin for in vivo crosslinking of scleral collagenQuan V. Hoang, Sally A. McFaddenO22 Absence of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) alters normal refractive development in miceRanjay Chakraborty, Duk C. Lee, Erica G. Landis, Michael A. Bergen, Curran Sidhu, Samer Hattar, P. Michael Iuvone, Richa...

To evaluate the changes in visual function when progressive addition lenses (PAL) are added in children using topical atropine as a myopia control therapy. Daily visual complaints and the determination of their near correction were studied. Methods: Forty children aged 7-12 years were recruited. Distance and near visual acuity, accommodative lag, heterophoria, near point of convergence and stereopsis were examined, and a questionnaire of daily visual complaints was administered. Results: Significant differences in visual functions were found after the near correction was prescribed. Significant improvements in distance and near visual acuity, lag of accommodation and binocular visual function were observed, and fewer visual complaints were reported at the Harmon distance. Conclusion:The use of PAL is helpful for children undergoing topical atropine treatment for myopia control, particularly those receiving medium to high doses. This combination therapy could also be applied to younger children who have a low tolerance to contact lenses, with less risk of ocular adverse effects.

Background: This study optimized the minimum detectable difference (MDD) of gamma camera SPECT images via the Taguchi analysis and an indigenous V-shaped slit gauge. The latter was customized to satisfy the Taguchi analysis’ quantitative requirements. Methods: The slit gauge MDD quantification of derived SPECT images was based on a pair of overlapped-peak profiles obtained from a tangent slice of the V-shaped slit with two adjacent peaks. Using the revised Student’s t-test with a multiplied constant, 1.96, the MDD was defined as the minimum distance between two peak centers, which deviation was large enough to ensure a 95% confidence level of their separation. In total, eighteen combinations of six gamma camera scanned factors (A-F), namely (A) collimator, (B) detector to target distance, (C) total counts, (D) acquired energy width, (E) Matrix size, and (F) zoom of collected ROI with each of two or three levels were organized into 18 groups to collect the slit gauge images according to Taguchi L18 orthogonal array. Next, three well-trained radiologists ranked the scanned gauge images to derive the fish-bone-plot of signal-to-noise ratio (S/N, dB) and correlated ANOVA. Results: The quantified MDD was proposed to verify the optimal suggestion of gamma camera scanned protocol, and obtained the MDD as 8.44, 7.88, and 7.40 mm for the 2nd group of the original L18, conventional, and optimal presets, respectively. Conclusions: The optimal preset of gamma camera was achieved according to Taguchi analysis. The MDD-based approach was found more beneficial in evaluating the spatial resolution than the line pair/cm approach in routine quality control in this study.