These data indicate that kappa opioids were generally more potent and effective as antinociceptive agents in males than females. Similar to data obtained with micro opioids, the magnitude of these sex differences was generally larger with the less effective kappa opioids and determined, in part, by rat strain and nociceptive stimulus intensity.

The present study demonstrated that some D3/2 agonists can modulate both the antinociceptive and diuretic effects of kappa agonists. These modulatory actions are similar to those obtained against the effects of mu agonists.

The D3/2 agonist 7-OH-DPAT can attenuate the antinociceptive effects of morphine in both acute and chronic preparations as well as the development of morphine tolerance. 7-OH-DPAT does not, however, alter morphine physical dependence.

Ablation resulted in complete tumor eradication, and there were no serious complications. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of renal tumors resulted in a 16% increase in serum creatinine concentration and a 13% decrease in creatinine clearance in patients with one kidney. These results are comparable with those of surgical resection of tumors in this group of patients.