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Children with an intellectual disability often demonstrate lack of cooperation during dental treatment and require behavioral management. A child with mild intellectual disability can be managed adequately using restraints and medication. However, in cases of profound intellectual disability, dental treatment under general anesthesia is usually required. In cases where the patient is an intellectually disabled child who has intellectually disabled parents, it is difficult to evaluate the patient's preoperative condition and to obtain consent for treatment under general anesthesia. Furthermore, they are unable to respond to emergencies after treatment. Therefore, dental treatment should be performed under general anesthesia with hospitalization for children with an intellectual disability. This case presents the dental treatment of an intellectually disabled child, who has intellectually disabled parents, and who required general anesthesia and hospitalization.

This report presents a case of a completely intrusive luxation of an immature permanent central incisor in a 7 years 9 months-old girl. Because there are severe intrusive trauma and cortical alveolar bone fracture, it was impossible to reposition with orthodontic or surgical method alone. The intruded tooth was repositioned to healthy alveolar bone level by using surgical extrusion and stabilization with sutures and periodontal pack. After healing of adjacent bone, the intruded maxillary central incisor erupted orthodontically by removable orthodontic appliance. It was moved from a high position to level of adjacent tooth in about 7 months.A radiograph was taken 6 months after ceasing forced eruption, which demonstrated minor root resorption, but the alveolar bone height had increased.

Articles you may be interested inOptimum design criteria for a synchronous reluctance motor with concentrated winding using response surface methodology J. Appl. Phys. 99, 08R325 (2006); 10.1063/1.2165601Slanted and saw-toothed stator poles for improved performance of doubly salient permanent magnet motor ͑Presented on 15 November 2002͒ A computational method for a performance analysis of the switched reluctance motor has been developed. Most of the papers present static characteristics, such as static torque based on a finite element method analysis. However, this method is based on a Fourier series expansion with step-by-step, current-dependent, adjustable coefficients. Analytical expression for the calculation of instantaneous phase inductance, flux linkage, co-energy, and electromagnetic torque as a function of rotor position and winding current are derived. Finally, the strategy to represent the winding inductance variation with position is made by approximating the actual inductance profile.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the color distribution of maxillary primary incisors measured with a colorimeter. The subjects were 100 Korean children aged 2-5 with total number of 400 teeth. A spot measurement intraoral colorimeter was used to determine the color of maxillary primary central and lateral incisors at labial central area. The CIE L*, a*, b* value of each tooth and color difference (DE Ã ab ) among each other were calculated and analyzed. The range of L*, a*, and b* values, regardless of the type of teeth, was 72.7-84.9, 20.6 to 4.9, and 4.7-15.0, respectively. Mean value (SD) of L*, a*, and b* for maxillary primary incisors was 78.6 (2.3), 1.2 (0.9), and 9.6 (1.8), respectively. Boys showed more red (higher a* value) and less yellow (lower b* value) hue than girls in the central incisors (P \ 0.05). Mean color difference (DE Ã ab ) (SD) between two values which selected from overall 400 L*, a*, b* values measured (n ¼ 400 C 2 ) was 3.9 (1.8) with 95% confidence interval range of 3.86-3.89, and most of them were found to be present around the previously reported clinical acceptability thresholds (DE Ã ab ¼ 2.7-6.8). Because mean intraperson DE Ã ab (SD) was 3.0 (1.6) with 95% confidence interval range of 2.86-3.12, most colors among primary incisors in the same person were presumably difficult to discern by naked eye (DE Ã ab \ 3.7). Age influenced L* and b* values significantly, but the correlation coefficients were not high (r ¼ 20.182 for L* of central incisors, P \ 0.01; r ¼ 0.188 for b* of central incisors, P \ 0.01; and r ¼ 0.143 for b* of lateral incisors, P \ 0.05). The present study showed somewhat higher color coordinates than the previous reports which based on primary anterior teeth in other ethnic groups. The results of this study could be used for the color modification of esthetic materials for primary teeth.