The present study examined the synaptic organization of external cuneothalamic neurons and their relationships with primary afferents in the gerbil external cuneate nucleus (ECN) following an injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the anterodorsal cap of the ventrobasal thalamus in conjunction with a simultaneous injection of HRP into the contralateral brachial and cervical nerve plexuses. The thalamus-projecting neurons have been shown to be confined to the intermediate portion of the caudal half of the ECN at the light microscopic level (Lan et al., 1994c). In this study, HRP-labelled external cuneothalamic neurons were ultrastructurally characterized by their relatively small-sized soma bearing a variable number of somal spines. Their nucleus had a slightly indented contour with an eccentric nucleolus. The HRP-labelled somata were postsynaptic to many axon terminals, which were classified into round (Rs type; 53.0%), pleomorphic (Ps type; 32.7%), and flattened (Fs type; 14.3%) vesicle-containing boutons. The HRP-labelled dendritic elements were postsynaptic to a greater number of axon terminals, which were also classified into the round (Rd; 64.7%), pleomorphic (Pd; 25.2%), and flattened (Fd; 10.1%) type boutons. These presynaptic axonal boutons tended to synapse on distal and secondary dendrites of external cuneothalamic neurons. In the present simultaneous HRP labelling study, some of the primary afferent terminals made direct synaptic contacts with the dendrites of the external cuneothalamic neurons. In view of the multiple inputs onto the external cuneothalamic neurons, impinging particularly on their somata and secondary dendrites, it is suggested that the proprioceptive information reaching these neurons is intensively modulated and integrated before transmission ultimately to the cerebral sensorimotor cortex.