No abstract

Changes in thickness, elastic modulus, and bending stiffness were studied for handsheets prepared using different fiber compositions and dried under restraint or unrestraint conditions, when exposed to various humidity conditions. Four sets of experimental studies were carried out to investigate the effect of (1) different amounts of fines (or long fibers), (2) two-ply sheet forming, (3) high temperature restraint press drying, and (4) the use of recycled fibers on the thickness, elastic modulus, and bending stiffness. The results showed that thickness, elastic modulus, and bending stiffness changed depending upon the fiber composition, single or multi-ply forming, drying conditions, and recycling of fibers. Thickness change, restraint drying, and fiber hornification during recycling were the principal factors affecting the bending stiffness in cyclic humidity conditions.

Lots of Small and Medium Enterprises uses natural dyes on their Batik process in Jakarta. Palbatu Tebet Batik village has applied Batik process with natural coloring but there is not any treatment center for the natural coloring waste. This causes environmental pollution and endangers the health of residents around there. Palbatu Batik Village requires wastewater treatment center. This research is implemented by making correlation between wastewater value and WWTP system. The highest BOD and COD value in the Natural Coloring process is 2870 mg/L and 8345 mg/L. Both of these values exceed the quality standards set by the government which are 75 mg/L and 100 mg/L. This research is to find out the right WWTP system to treat waste to meet quality standards. Of the several WWTP systems, only the Aerobic-Anaerobic system can reduce the BOD value to 5.166 mg/L and the COD value to 91.79 mg/L. The space requirements for the Aerobic-Anaerobic system are Fat Seperator, Equalization, Initial Sedimentation, Anaerobic Biofilter, Aerob Biofilter, Final Sedimentation, and Chlorination.