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Highlights d The weight of G. mellonella larvae is maintained by feeding wax in germ-free conditions d Intestinal beeswax metabolism is similar regardless of intestinal microbiota d Genome and RNA sequencing provides insights into molecular mechanisms of wax degradation d Polyethylene metabolism can occur independently of intestinal microbiota

BackgroundBacterial volatile compounds (BVCs) are important mediators of beneficial plant–bacteria interactions. BVCs promote above-ground plant growth by stimulating photosynthesis and sugar accumulation and by modulating phytohormone signalling. These compounds also improve below-ground mineral uptake and modify root system architecture.ScopeWe review advances in our understanding of the mode of action and practical applications of BVCs since the discovery of BVC-mediated plant growth promotion in 2003. We also discuss unanswered questions about the identity of plant receptors, the effectiveness of combination of two or more BVCs on plant growth, and the potential side effects of these compounds for human and animal health.ConclusionBVCs have good potential for use as biostimulants and protectants to improve plant health. Further advances in the development of suitable technologies and preparing standards and guidelines will help in the application of BVCs in crop protection and health.