The standard penetration test (SPT) split-spoon sampler is too small for investigations in gravelly soils. For this reason, several researchers have developed scaled-up versions of the SPT, commonly referred to as "large penetration tests" (LPT), and attempted to correlate the measured blow counts to SPT blow counts. Several LPTs have been in use worldwide; each with different drill rods, sampler dimensions, and hammer energies; hence existing published LPT–SPT correlations differ for each system. This paper summarizes the LPT data in the literature and presents a fundamental method for predicting LPT–SPT correlations. The proposed method is based on wave equation analyses of SPT and LPT and considers variations in test equipment, penetration resistance, and energy. It is shown that the method provides a unified approach for assimilating the various published LPT–SPT correlations. Additional SPT and LPT data were collected at a sand research site to check the proposed method and to expand the LPT database. The observed and predicted correlation factors are shown to be in good agreement. The proposed correlation method will be useful as a logical framework for the comparison of LPT data collected throughout the world. Additional research will be required to extend this procedure to gravel sites.Key words: large penetration test, LPT, fundamental correlation method, wave equation analysis, grain size effects.

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A thermoelectric air-cooling system (TEACS) is an innovative technology based on the thermoelectric cooling phenomenon. The absence of heavy moving parts to obtain a cooling effect reduces intense vibrations than the traditional cooling system. Moreover, this system is eco-friendly as harmful coolants are not used or produce any harmful elements such as CFCs. The thermoelectric module works on direct current (DC), heating & cooling phenomena depending upon the direction of current flow. Peltier modules are made up of two unique semiconductor materials, such as Bismuth Telluride (Bi2Te3) in the form of pillars sandwiched between a pair of ceramic plates. This paper covers the design and fabrication of an automated thermoelectric air-cooling system. The Peltier module is sandwiched between two Aluminum heatsinks on each side of the Peltier module. Arduino microcontroller is used to provide automatic temperature control. Air is passed through the cold side, and water is used to reduce the heat on the hot side. This system reached 25°C within 300 seconds and 700 seconds to reach 15°C from 30°C ambient room temperature. The novelty of this TEACS has a COP of 1.13 achieved by careful adjustment of electrical parameters with a cooling capacity of 648 W, and the designs are fabricated by using eco-friendly materials.