Resource Balance Analysis (RBA) is a computational method based on resource allocation, which performs accurate quantitative predictions of whole-cell states (i.e. growth rate, metabolic fluxes, abundances of molecular machines including enzymes) across growth conditions. We present an integrated workflow of RBA together with the Python package RBApy. RBApy builds bacterial RBA models from annotated genome-scale metabolic models by adding descriptions of cellular processes relevant for growth and maintenance. The package includes functions for model simulation and calibration and for interfacing to Escher maps and Proteomaps for visualization. We demonstrate that RBApy faithfully reproduces results obtained by a hand-curated and experimentally validated RBA model for Bacillus subtilis. We also present a calibrated RBA model of Escherichia coli generated from scratch, which obtained excellent fits to measured flux values and enzyme abundances. RBApy makes whole-cell modeling accessible for a wide range of bacterial wild-type and engineered strains, as illustrated with a CO2-fixing Escherichia coli strain.Availability: RBApy is available at /https://github.com/SysBioInra/RBApy, under the licence GNU GPL version 3, and runs on Linux, Mac and Windows distributions.On a standard laptop, the initial creation (including Uniprot querying) of the E. coli model took less than 30 seconds, and model updating through helper files took approximately 5 seconds ( Supplementary Table S3).This subpackage uses the libsbml, biopython and pandas libraries. RBApy.xml: maintaining models in XML formatRBApy.prerba is primarily designed to generate a minimal working RBA model, containing default processes such as translation and chaperoning. RBApy.xml stores these models in an XML-rba format that was designed to facilitate model extension, in particular by adding new macromolecular processes. The user may do this by changing the XML-rba files directly. Alternatively, RBApy.xml provides an Application Programming Interface (API) in which every XML-rba entity can be accessed through a Python class with identical name.This subpackage uses the lxml library. RBApy.core: running simulationsRBApy.core imports an XML-rba model and converts it into the final LP optimization problem, specified by sparse matrices as described in [11,12]. For a given medium composition, the solver solves a series of LP feasibility problem for different growth rates, and computes in fine the maximal possible growth rate, reaction fluxes and abundances of molecular machines at maximal growth rate. The optimization problem is solved by using the CPLEX Linear Programming solver (https://www.ibm.com/analytics/cplex-optimizer). The procedure has been optimized to return results in less than one minute on a standard laptop, even for large systems such as the RBA model of E. coli that contains 1807 metabolites, 2583 metabolic reactions and 3906 enzyme complexes ( Supplementary Table S3).This subpackage uses the scipy and cplex libraries. RBApy.estim: estimating parametersRB...

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Cet article se propose d’étudier les politiques locales d’intégration des immigrants et les mécanismes de l’insertion sociale et politique des immigrants appartenant aux catégories socioprofessionnelles moyennes et supérieures de la migration. À partir d’une analyse comparée de deux sites périurbains français (Mérignac) et québécois (Brossard), les auteurs s’attachent dans un premier temps à saisir les variables structurant l’élaboration de politiques locales d’intégration. L’enjeu théorique sous-jacent à cette démarche est de décrire sous la forme d’un glissement d’agenda rendu possible par une fenêtre d’opportunité politique l’immixtion des politiques locales dans un champ hors de la compétence formelle des communes. Il apparaîtra également que les municipalités sont alignées sur les modèles nationaux d’intégration (assimilationnisme et interculturalisme). Dans un second temps, l’analyse porte sur la réception de ces politiques locales par les immigrants aisés ainsi que les mécanismes d’intégration de ces catégories relativement sous-étudiées de la migration. Le discours des immigrants confirme l’importance de l’ouverture d’une fenêtre d’opportunité politique ainsi que l’alignement municipal sur les paliers supérieurs.This paper analyses local integration policies for immigrants as well as the social and political integration of immigrants belonging to the upper socio-professional categories. Comparing two cities in France (Mérignac) and Québec (Brossard), the authors first try to identify the variables structuring the elaboration of local integration policies. The underlying theoretical aspect of this research is to describe the emergence of policy windows which allows the municipalities to get involved in a political field formerly outside their political sphere of competence. It is also demonstrated that the municipalities aligned with the national integration models (assimilationism and interculturalism). In a second stage the reception by the immigrants of these local policies as well as their integration process is examined. Immigrants' discourses confirm the emergence of policy windows and the alignment of the municipal level with the upper government levels