Climate change impacts on maize production in South Africa, i.e., interannual yield variabilities, are still not well understood. This study is based on a recently released reanalysis of climate observations (AgERA5), i.e., temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed data. The study assesses climate change effects by quantifying the trend of agrometeorological indicators, their correlation with maize yield, and analyzing their spatiotemporal patterns using Empirical Orthogonal Function. Thereby, the main agrometeorological factors that affected yield variability for the last 31 years (1990/91–2020/21 growing season) in major maize production provinces, namely Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, and North West are identified. Results show that there was a significant positive trend in temperature that averages 0.03–0.04 °C per year and 0.02–0.04 °C per growing season. There was a decreasing trend in precipitation in Free State with 0.01 mm per year. Solar radiation did not show a significant trend. Wind speed in Free State increased at a rate of 0.01 ms−1 per growing season. Yield variabilities in Free State, Mpumalanga, and North West show a significant positive correlation (r > 0.43) with agrometeorological variables. Yield in KwaZulu-Natal is not influenced by climate factors. The leading mode (50–80% of total variance) of each agrometeorological variable indicates spatially homogenous pattern across the regions. The dipole patterns of the second and the third mode suggest the variabilities of agrometeorological indicators are linked to South Indian high pressure and the warm Agulhas current. The corresponding principal components were mainly associated with strong climate anomalies which are identified as El Niño and La Niña events.

<p><em>Sampai saat ini, belum ada media yang menunjukkan korelasi daya berkecambah serbuk sari dengan produksi dan mutu benih. Oleh karena itu, peneltian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan  media pengujian serbuk sari </em><em>in vitro </em><em>yang terbaik </em><em>u</em><em>n</em><em>tuk</em><em> cabai</em><em> dan mempelajari korelasi daya berkecambah serbuk sari cabai secara in vitro dengan produksi dan mutu benih. Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua percobaan. Pertama, mencari media yang sesuai dengan daya berkecambah serbuk sari CB 005 dan CR 002. Kedua, mempelajari korelasi daya berkecambah serbuk sari pada media yang terpilih dengan produksi dan mutu benih. Hasilnya, </em><em>PGM F menunjukkan nilai daya berkecambah serbuk sari yang konsisten lebih tinggi dari pada media yang lain, sehingga PGM F digunakan sebagai media dasar dalam percobaan modifikasi media. Media yang digunakan untuk pengujian serbuk sari CB 005 dan CR 002 yaitu PGM 1 dan PGM 4 (PGM F). Secara umum, daya berkecambah CB 005 tidak berbeda menggunakan PGM 1 dan PGM 4. PGM 1 memberikan nilai rata-rata daya berkecambah serbuk sari CR 002 yang lebih tinggi dari pada PGM 4. Pengujian daya berkecambah serbuk sari CB 005 dengan media PGM 1, PGM 4 (PGM F),  dan Ewid 1 tidak berkorelasi  dengan pembentukan buah, pembentukan biji, daya berkecambah benih, dan bobot 1000 butir.</em><em></em></p>

Abstract. Setiawan A, Simanjuntak C, Saumanuk I, Tateburuk D, Dinata Y, Liswanto D, Rafiastanto A. 2020. Distribution survey of Kloss’s Gibbons (Hylobates klosii) in Mentawai Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2224-2232. The aim of this study was to assess the population density, distribution, habitats, and threats of Kloss’s gibbon (Hylobates klossii) in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia. In 2011-2012 we conducted a survey on Siberut Island, outside of the National Park, as well as a short visit to Sipora, North Pagai, and South Pagai. From March to September 2017, we surveyed once again some previous localities on the Siberut and Sipora islands to keep up to date with recent developments on the ground. On Siberut we used an auditory sampling method through fixed point counts, combined with line transects, to estimate the gibbon densities. In total, 113-morning calls were recorded from 13 Listening Points; 75 of these were used for density calculations. We recorded 35 individuals based on direct sightings during 66.4 km of transect distance walked. We found 13 localities outside of Siberut National Park that still have Kloss's gibbons; densities varied between 1.04group/km2 to 4.16 group/km2. No gibbons were found and heard during the short survey in Sipora and South Pagai, though we found a group of gibbons in North Pagai. Our 2017 survey revealed massive habitat changes in South Siberut. Previously existing forest localities in South Siberut were gone due to road construction, agriculture expansion, and logging.