In this work, the syntheses of 2,2,2‐trinitroethyl‐(2‐nitro‐2‐azapropyl)carbamate (5), its analogue 2‐fluoro‐2,2‐dinitroethyl(2‐nitro‐2‐azapropyl)carbamate (6), and the corresponding 2,2,2‐trinitroethyl(2‐nitro‐2‐azapropyl)nitrocarbamate (7) and 2‐fluoro‐2,2‐dinitroethyl(2‐nitro‐2‐azapropyl)nitrocarbamate (8) are presented. The compounds were characterized thoroughly by vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman), multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry measurements and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In addition, the hitherto unknown low‐temperature crystal structures of the starting materials 2‐nitro‐2‐azapropyl chloride (1) and 2‐nitro‐2‐azapropyl isocyanate (2) are presented. Owing to the positive oxygen balance of the carbamate derivatives, their suitability as potential oxidizers in energetic formulations with aluminium as the fuel is investigated and discussed. Standard enthalpies of formation were calculated at the CBS‐4M level of theory. With these values and the experimental densities from room‐temperature pycnometer measurements, several detonation parameters, such as the detonation pressures and velocities of the crude materials as well as the specific impulses of their formulations with aluminium, were computed by using the EXPLO5 (V6.01) computer program and compared with those of the corresponding mixtures with ammonium perchlorate as the oxidizer. Furthermore, the sensitivities towards impact, friction and electrostatic discharge were determined by using the BAM drop‐hammer and friction tester as well as a small‐scale electrical discharge device.
Building Virtual Communities examines how learning and cognitive change are fostered by online communities. Contributors to this volume explore this question by drawing on their different theoretical backgrounds, methodologies, and personal experience with virtual communities. Each chapter discusses the different meanings of the terms community, learning, and change. Case studies are included for further clarification. Together, these chapters describe the building out of virtual communities in terms that are relevant to theorists, researchers, and practitioners. The chapters provide a basis for thinking about the dynamics of Internet community building. This includes consideration of the role of the self or individual as a participant in virtual community, and the design and refinement of technology as the conduit for extending and enhancing the possibilities of community building in cyberspace. Building Virtual Communities will interest educators, psychologists, sociologists, and researchers in human-computer interaction.
Kurzfassung Die Anwendung des Supply Chain Managements in der Industrie bedingt zwischenbetriebliche Arbeitsteilungen verbunden mit Ausgliederungen einzelner Geschäftsaktivitäten. Wesentliche Folgen sind eine geringere Transparenz und eine höhere Komplexität der Netzwerkprozesse [1]. Die daraus resultierenden Anforderungen zu bewältigen stellt nicht nur für die betriebliche Ausrichtung eine große Herausforderung dar, sondern auch an die Neu- bzw. Umgestaltung der Netzwerkprozesse und -strukturen. Durch eine einfache und effiziente Vorgehensweise muss die Transparenz in den Netzwerkprozessen zurückgewonnen und gleichzeitig die Komplexität reduziert werden. In diesem Zusammenhang stellt der Artikel eine effiziente und erprobte Vorgehensweise für die Einführung des Supply Chain Managements in kleinen und mittelständischen Unternehmensnetzwerken vor.
Die Planung von Routenzugsystemen ist eine komplexe Aufgabe, welche durch gängige Planungsverfahren nur in Teilen unterstützt wird sowie zu hohen manuellen Aufwänden und suboptimalen Lösungen führt. Dieser Beitrag stellt ein Verfahren vor, welches die wesentlichen Planungsentscheidungen durch Anwendung eines Genetischen Algorithmus automatisch trifft. Erste Tests zeigen, dass das Verfahren in der Lage ist, ähnlich gute oder bessere Ergebnisse zu erzielen als die Planung versierter Industrieplaner.
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