Summary Corticostriatal circuits play a fundamental role in regulating many behaviors, and their dysfunction is associated with many neurological disorders. In contrast, sensory disorders, like hearing loss (HL), are commonly linked with processing deficits at, or below, the level of auditory cortex (ACx). However, HL can be accompanied by non-sensory deficits such as learning delays, suggesting the involvement of regions downstream of ACx. Here, we show that transient developmental HL differentially affected ACx and its downstream target, sensory striatum. Following HL, both juvenile ACx layer 5 and striatal neurons displayed an excitatory- inhibitory imbalance and lower firing rates. After hearing was restored, adult ACx neurons recovered balanced excitatory-inhibitory synaptic gain and control the firing rates, but striatal neuron synapses and firing properties did not recover. Thus, a brief period of abnormal cortical activity may induce striatal impairments that persist into adulthood, and contribute to neurological disorders that are striatal in origin.

Telehealth drastically reduces the time burden of appointments and increases access to care for homebound patients. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many outpatient practices closed, requiring an expansion of telemedicine capabilities. However, a significant number of patients remain unconnected to telehealth-capable patient portals. Currently, no literature exists on the success of and barriers to remote enrollment in telehealth patient portals. From March 26 to May 8, 2020, a total of 324 patients were discharged from Mount Sinai Beth Israel (MSBI), a teaching hospital in New York City. Study volunteers attempted to contact and enroll patients in the MyChart patient portal to allow the completion of a post-discharge video visit. If patients were unable to enroll, barriers were documented and coded for themes. Of the 324 patients discharged from MSBI during the study period, 277 (85%) were not yet enrolled in MyChart. Volunteers successfully contacted 136 patients (49% of those eligible), and 39 (14%) were successfully enrolled. Inability to contact patients was the most significant barrier. For those successfully contacted but not enrolled, the most frequent barrier was becoming lost to follow-up (29% of those contacted), followed by lack of interest in remote appointments (21%) and patient technological limitations (9%). Male patients, and those aged 40–59, were significantly less likely to successfully enroll compared to other patients. Telehealth is critical for healthcare delivery. Remote enrollment in a telemedicine-capable patient portal is feasible, yet underperforms compared to reported in-person enrollment rates. Health systems can improve telehealth infrastructure by incorporating patient portal enrollment into in-person workflows, educating on the importance of telehealth, and devising workarounds for technological barriers.

Study Design: Retrospective chart review of patients who underwent anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) using low-dose recombinant human bone morphogenic protein (rhBMP)-2. Objective: Determine whether severity and incidence of respiratory complications after ACDF surgery are decreased when using a low-dose BMP-infused sponge within a constrained carrier and postoperative IV and oral steroids. Summary of Background Data: Many physicians avoid using BMP in anterior cervical spine fusions because of concern for an increased incidence of dysphagia, significant prevertebral swelling, and airway edema compromise. Pilot studies have shown that the local application of steroids may decrease the incidence of postoperative airway edema and dysphagia. We performed a retrospective study to evaluate the safety of immediate postoperative tapered steroid use following low-dose rhBMP-2 completely contained inside either an allograft or PEEK cage in reducing the severity and incidence of respiratory complications following ACDF. Materials and Methods: Forty-seven patients between 33 and 74 years of age, undergoing 1-, 2-, 3-, or 4-level ACDFs augmented with a fraction of a small sponge of rhBMP-2 (0.525 mg/level) within an allograft or PEEK cage and prescribed IV and oral postoperative steroids between January 1, 2008 and November 1, 2016. The incidence of complications such as dyspnea, dysphagia, airway issues, edema ectopic bone osteolysis, radiculitis, and nonunion were collected using medical charts. Additional data regarding length of hospital stay and readmissions were also recorded. Results: No life-threatening respiratory events, such as prolonged intubation, re-intubation, or readmission for labored breathing, were observed. No complications referable to steroids such as delayed healing, uncontrollable blood sugar, or diabetes were encountered in this series. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that a tapered dose of steroids and a contained delivery route significantly decreases postoperative respiratory compromise incidence and magnitude following anterior cervical spine fusion using low-dose rhBMP-2.

Summary of Background Data: Cervical spine injuries commonly occur during athletic play, and such injuries carry significant risk for adverse sequelae if not properly managed. Although guidelines for managing return to play exist, adherence among spine surgeons has not been thoroughly examined. Study Design: Prospective analysis of survey data collected from surgeon members of the Cervical Spine Research Society (CSRS) and the International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery (ISASS). Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize consensus among spine surgeons regarding decision-making on return to competitive sports and level of impact following significant cervical spine injuries from real-life scenarios. Materials and Methods: Return to play decisions for 15 clinical cervical spine injury scenarios were compared with current guidelines. Surgeon demographic information such as orthopedic board certification status and years in practice were also analyzed. Weighted kappa analysis was utilized to determine interrater reliability in survey responses. Results: Survey respondents had a poor agreement with both Watkins and Torg guidelines (average weighted κ of 0.027 and 0.066, respectively). Additional kappa analysis of surgeon agreement regarding the “Types of Play” and “Level of Play” for return was still remained poor (Kendall W of 0.312 and 0.200, respectively). Responses were also significantly influenced by surgeon demographics. Conclusions: There is poor consensus among spine surgeons for return to play following cervical spine injury. These results support the concept that given the gravity of cervical spine injuries, a more standardized approach to decision-making regarding return to play after cervical spine injury is necessary.

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