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There are only a few antifungal drugs used systemically in treatment, and invasive fungal infections that are resistant to these drugs are an emerging problem in health care. In this study, we performed a high-copy-number genomic DNA (gDNA) library screening to find and characterize genes that reduce susceptibility to amphotericin B, caspofungin, and voriconazole in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We identified the PDR16 and PMP3 genes for amphotericin B, the RMD9 and SWH1 genes for caspofungin, and the MRS3 and TRI1 genes for voriconazole. The deletion mutants for PDR16 and PMP3 were drug susceptible, but the other mutants had no apparent susceptibility. Quantitative-PCR analyses suggested that the corresponding drugs upregulated expression of the PDR16, PMP3, SWH1, and MRS3 genes. To further characterize these genes, we also profiled the global expression patterns of the cells after treatment with the antifungals and determined the genes and paths that were up- or downregulated. We also cloned Candida albicans homologs of the PDR16, PMP3, MRS3, and TRI1 genes and expressed them in S. cerevisiae. Heterologous expression of Candida homologs also provided reduced drug susceptibility to the budding yeast cells. Our analyses suggest the involvement of new genes in antifungal drug resistance.

Objective: In this study, we determined the seroprevalence of Brucella in the blood of bovine and ovine animals and in the blood of the people who raise these animals to produce cheese in two rural counties that use two different methods of cheese production in Erzurum Province in Turkey. Materials and Methods:Samples are taken from 100 bovine animals, 100 ovine animals, 100 young people between the ages of 10-20 years and 100 adults between the ages of 20-60 years. The samples were tested with the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), the Serum Agglutination Test (SAT), the Coombs' Test and a micro-ELISA. Results:We found the following rates of Brucella in the province that makes cheese with raw milk: bovine (3.00%), ovine (5.00%), people between 10-20 years of age (2.00%) and people between 20-60 years of age (10.00%). However, the corresponding rates in the region that makes cheese with boiling milk were 2%, 4%, 1% and 5%, respectively. Conclusion:The results were analyzed descriptively and in comparison to the results from the other region. There was a significant difference found between the two regions among the Hinis and Oltu individuals aged 10-20 and 20-60 (z=0.6<1.96 with a 95% confidence interval). Key Words: Boiled milk, dairy products, Human Brucellosis ÖzetAmaç: Bu çalışmada; Türkiye'nin Erzurum ilinde farklı iki yöntemle peynir üreten iki ilçenin kırsalındaki büyük ve küçük baş hayvanlardan, bu hayvanların besisini yaparak peynir üreten insanlardan alı-nan kan örneklerinde Brucella seroprevelansı araştırıldı.Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmaya her bölgeden örnekler; 100 sığır, 100 koyun, 10-20 yaş grubu 100 genç çocuk ve 20-60 yaş grubu 100 eriş-kin dahil edildi.Örnekler Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Serum aglü-tinasyon (SAT), Coombs ve Mikro ELISA yöntemleriyle ayrı ayrı test edildi.Bulgular: Kaynatılmamış sütten peynir yapılan bölgedeki sığırlarda %3.00, koyunlarda %5.00, insanların 10-20 yaş grubunda %2.00 ve 20-60 yaş grubunda ise %10.00 oranında Brucella antikoru pozitif bulundu.Buna karşılık kaynatılmış sütten peynir yapan bölgedeki pozitiflik oranları sırasıyla; %2, %4, %1 ve %5 olarak bulunmuştur.Sonuç: Sonuçlar kendi aralarında ve diğer bölgedeki sonuçlarla tartı-şıldı. 10-20 yaş ve 20-60 yaş arası Hınıs ve Oltu bireyleri karşılaştırması z=0.6<1.96 , iki bölgedeki kişiler arasında %95 güven aralığında fark vardır. İki bölge arasındaki sonuçlarda anlamlı bir farklılık saptandı.

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