In this article, the authors describe a new theory, the Evaluative Space Approach to Challenge and Threat (ESACT). Prompted by the Biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat (BPS: Blascovich and Tomaka, 1996 ) and the development of the Theory of Challenge and Threat States in Athletes ( Jones et al., 2009 ), recent years have witnessed a considerable increase in research examining challenge and threat in sport. This manuscript provides a critical review of the literature examining challenge and threat in sport, tracing its historical development and some of the current empirical ambiguities. To reconcile some of these ambiguities, and utilizing neurobiological evidence associated with approach and avoidance motivation (c.f. Elliot and Covington, 2001 ), this paper draws upon the Evaluative Space Model (ESM; Cacioppo et al., 1997 ) and considers the implications for understanding challenge and threat in sport. For example, rather than see challenge and threat as opposite ends of a single bipolar continuum, the ESM implies that individuals could be (1) challenged, (2) threatened, (3) challenged and threatened, or (4) neither challenged or threatened by a particular stimulus. From this perspective, it could be argued that the appraisal of some sport situations as both challenging and threatening could be advantageous, whereas the current literature seems to imply that the appraisal of stress as a threat is maladaptive for performance. The ESACT provides several testable hypotheses for advancing understanding of challenge and threat (in sport) and we describe a number of measures that can be used to examine these hypotheses. In sum, this paper provides a significant theoretical, empirical, and practical contribution to our understanding of challenge and threat (in sport).

This article reports on an online survey of child protection training for students on sport-related and Initial Teacher Training Physical Education degrees, and on the views of recently graduated teachers of the usefulness of such training in their everyday work. The results indicate that child protection training is provided in most courses but in varying amounts. Respondents to the survey reported positively, in the main, about the effects of new requirements for teacher training (Every Child Matters: Change for Children, Department for Education and Skills, 2004). Reasons given for not including child protection in courses were: lack of time; the perceived vocational nature of the topic; lack of fit with course aims and objectives; lack of relevance; and the research rather than professional orientation of the course. Recently graduated teachers' views on their pre-service child protection training differed from the claims made about this in the survey. In particular, they raised concerns about their lack of preparation for dealing with potential child protection situations. The article concludes that child protection training within sport-related degrees is deficient in both consistency of delivery and in content, and that, in addition to preparing students to recognise signs and indicators of abuse, curricula should also address undergraduates' confidence and skills for responding to abuse in their everyday professional practice.

This paper outlines the development and preliminary validation of a sport-specific measure of athletes' experience of challenge and threat. Three independent studies assess the content validity, factor structure, criterion validity and internal consistency of the Challenge and Threat in Sport (CAT-Sport) Scale. In study 1, a group of 25 athletes and 2 experts assessed the content validity of items derived from existing measures of challenge and threat. Participants examined a pool of 25 items, and were asked to rate the items' applicability to their experiences of challenge and threat in sport. Items failing to reach applicability of 50% were excluded from further analysis. In study 2, 197 runners completed the 21 items retained from study 1 before competition. A principal components analysis with an oblique, direct oblimin rotation yielded a 12-item, two-component solution with items indicative of athletes' experiences of challenge and threat. In study 3, 201 shooters completed the 12-item CAT-Sport before competition. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a 12-item 2-factor correlated model provided acceptable model fit with good internal consistency and criterion validity. Collectively these studies provide support for the CAT-Sport as a measure of athletes' experience of challenge and threat in anticipation of sport competition.

No abstract

Título: Reconceptualización de la resiliencia en el lugar de trabajo -Una perspectiva interdisciplinar. Resumen: Las situaciones estresantes, la presión laboral y los contratiempos son parte de la organización de la vida contemporánea. La naturaleza dinámica de los avances tecnológicos y la globalización del comercio conduce a mayores presiones competitivas y a un cambio constante. Las respuestas de las personas a estas complejas circunstancias son muy diferentes. Algunos se recuperan y se adaptan a los nuevos retos y adversidades, mientras que otros ven su salud seriamente afectada. Aunque la resiliencia es reconocida como un asunto crucial en el lugar de trabajo, la prevalencia de casos de estrés laboral y depresión se ha mantenido constante durante más de diez años. La investigación en resiliencia dentro de la Psicología Aplicada normalmente se ha centrado en el aspecto psicológico del funcionamiento de la persona. Por tanto, los entrenamientos o intervenciones para mejorar la resiliencia se han centrado solo en un área. El objetivo de este artículo es construir una conceptualización comprensiva de la resiliencia en el lugar de trabajo, a fin de ayudar al diseño de intervenciones específicas y desarrollar un modelo para avanzar en el área de investigación en su conjunto. Una comprensión y un enfoque interdisciplinar de la resiliencia individual en el lugar de trabajo permitiría comprender mejor el mecanismo de por qué algunas personas se recuperan de eventos adversos, mientras que el bienestar de otros disminuye. Proponemos un enfoque de la resiliencia que tenga en cuenta aspectos psicológicos (cognitivos y emocionales) y fisiológicos (cardiovasculares, gastrointestinales y metabólicos). Palabras clave: Resiliencia; individual; lugar de trabajo; salud; interdisciplinar.Abstract: Stressful situations, performance pressure, and setbacks are part of contemporary organizational life. The dynamic nature of technological advances and globalisation of business leads to tougher competitive pressures and constant change. People's responses to these challenging circumstances vary widely. Some bounce back and adapt to increasing challenges and adversity, others' healthy functioning is significantly impaired. Even though resilience is recognised as a crucial issue in the workplace, the rates of new cases of work-related stress and depression have remained broadly flat for more than 10 years. Resilience research within Applied Psychology typically focuses on the psychological domain of a person's functioning. This means that also resilience trainings or interventions focus on only one area. The present paper aims to build a comprehensive conceptualization of workplace resilience ultimately to assist in informing targeted intervention and in developing a model to move the research area forward as a whole. A cross-disciplinary understanding of and approach to individual resilience in the workplace would allow to better understand the mechanism of why some people bounce back from adverse events whereas others' well-being dec...