Previous research has suggested that alcohol dependency may be associated with particular cognitive schemas. The objective of this study was to examine the severity of reported maladaptive schemas, and of anxiety and depression levels of an alcohol dependent group prior to and following a period of abstinence, and in comparison with a non-clinical sample. A total of 100 participants, comprising an alcohol dependent clinical (ADC) group (n = 50) and a non-clinical group (n = 50), were recruited. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, drinking patterns, severity of alcohol dependence, depression, anxiety, and maladaptive schemas. ADC participants reported higher levels of depression and anxiety than did the non-clinical group immediately before a period of abstinence. The groups differed significantly on 6 of 15 schema beliefs. Following a brief (3-week) period of abstinence and participation in a psycho-educational program, the ADC group demonstrated significant improvements in relation to depression, anxiety, and 13 out of 15 maladaptive schema beliefs. Further research is required to understand the association and potential relevance of particular schemas to alcohol dependency.

More GPs are needed, but there are concerns about retaining the existing workforce quite apart from recruiting new doctors. This survey of GP principals in the Northern deanery aged over 45, identified factors potentially encouraging them to take early retirement (before 60) or to work on beyond 60. Over a third of those with retirement plans intended to retire early. Perceived undesirable changes in the NHS and workload were the main factors influencing intentions to retire. Reducing hours and administrative duties, and improving managerial support were factors that may encourage later retirement. Financial incentives in the form of increased pensions were most attractive to those already planning later retirement. A total of 35 per cent scored above threshold for significant psychological distress, and the higher psychological distress the earlier GPs wanted to retire. Interventions encouraging later retirement should be targeted at reducing workload and administration. Interventions to reduce stress could also encourage later retirement.

No abstract