Sponges are the simplest extant animals but nevertheless possess self-nonself recognition that rivals the specificity of the vertebrate MHC. We have used dissociated cell assays and grafting techniques to study tissue acceptance and rejection in the marine sponge Microciona prolifera. Our data show that allogeneic, but not isogeneic, cell contacts trigger cell death and an increased expression of cell adhesion and apoptosis markers in cells that accumulate in graft interfaces. Experiments investigating the possible existence of immune memory in sponges indicate that faster second set reactions are nonspecific. Among the different cellular types, gray cells have been proposed to be the sponge immunocytes. Fluorescence confocal microscopy results from intact live grafts show the migration of autofluorescent gray cells toward graft contact zones and the inhibition of gray cell movements in the presence of nontoxic concentrations of cyclosporin A. These results suggest that cell motility is an important factor involved in sponge self/nonself recognition. Communication between gray cells in grafted tissues does not require cell contact and is carried by an extracellular diffusible marker. The finding that a commonly used immunosuppressor in human transplantation such as cyclosporin A blocks tissue rejection in marine sponges indicates that the cellular mechanisms for regulating this process in vertebrates might have appeared at the very start of metazoan evolution.

Food and beverage industry is growing rapidly which causes companies to trying to fullfil consumer needs, one of which is packaging. Packaging is an important element to protect the product. Technological advances are able to make it easier for everyone to get information. Transparency information is able to provide information that consumers need. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of packaging and information transparency on the intention to try Cikake products and to examine the moderating effect of endorser capability between information transparency on intention to try Cikake's. The population of this research is Cikake consumers who have tried this product before, have an Instagram account and live around the city of Pandaan. The sampling method used in this study was the census method, with a population of 100 people as the sample. Respondent data is collected by distributing questionnaires to Cikake consumers. This research uses Moderated Multiple Regression (MMR) as an analysis tool. The finding from the results of multiple linear regression tests which resulted in a significance value on the packaging variable of 0.005 while the information transparency variable was 0.000, which means that packaging and information transparency had an effect on the intention to try. The effect of moderation has a significance value of 0.030 and an increase in the coefficient of determination, which means that endorser capability is able to moderate the relationship of information transparency to intention to try Cikake's.

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