The chemical analyses of pigments and fillers are important to both the manufacturer and the papermaker. Most standard analytical methods, including those of Technical Association of the Paper and Pulp Industry, are based on the so-called classical gravimetric and volumetric techniques. The major components analyzed are TiO2, SiO2 and Al2O3 . X-ray diffraction methods are available for the identification of crystalline fillers and pigments in finished paper.

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