Children's right to participate is considered pivotal for establishing a culture of democracy and citizenship. Although this not a new concept, its application remains a challenge. This review aims to map peer-reviewed empirical research conducted on children's right to participate, in center-based early childhood education settings, from 1980 on. A systematic literature search was performed and 36 studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings suggest a limited number of publications, conducted mostly in northern Europe countries, in the education field. Regarding definitions and theoretical backgrounds, sociological, legal, democratic, and educational discourses converge. There is a prominence of qualitative studies, a greater focus of research on ideas about participation, and, to a lesser extent, a focus on practices to promote participation. There is more emphasis on teacher's perspectives and practices, with few studies relying on children as informants, and limited sound measures to assess children's participation. Future research should rely on multiple informants, and investigate associations between this right and children's individual outcomes.
Interest in child maltreatment research has been growing in the last two decades. The main approach underlying this research has relied upon self and family reports. These methods may be problematic because they often require conscious awareness, generate socially desirable over accurate responses or can be biased by parents' unrealistic expectations, misattributions and perceptual errors. Simultaneously, research has been adapting methods from social cognition research in an attempt to access the implicit and spontaneous processes underlying the information processing related to parent-child interactions, exploring parental cognitions and emotions that may constitute important contributions to explain abusive and neglectful parenting.In this paper we review the research on child abuse and neglect using implicit measures. Using combinations of words related with child abuse and neglect, and with autonomic and affective variables assessed by the implicit measures, we have conducted a systematic review of 33 studies, and we examined the variables explored, the type of measures used and the results obtained.The research reviewed points out the importance of assessing parental representations in parent-child interactions and analyzing the differences between maltreating and nonmaltreating parents. Specifically, physically abusive parents tend to show more difficulties in recognizing children's emotions, reveal more biases in their perceptions and attributions about children and behave more aggressively. Further research with maltreating parents, namely neglectful, using implicit measures is still required.
Access to validated stimuli depicting children’s facial expressions is useful for different research domains (e.g., developmental, cognitive or social psychology). Yet, such databases are scarce in comparison to others portraying adult models, and validation procedures are typically restricted to emotional recognition accuracy. This work presents subjective ratings for a sub-set of 283 photographs selected from the Child Affective Facial Expression set (CAFE [1]). Extending beyond the original emotion recognition accuracy norms [2], our main goal was to validate this database across eight subjective dimensions related to the model (e.g., attractiveness, familiarity) or the specific facial expression (e.g., intensity, genuineness), using a sample from a different nationality (N = 450 Portuguese participants). We also assessed emotion recognition (forced-choice task with seven options: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise and neutral). Overall results show that most photographs were rated as highly clear, genuine and intense facial expressions. The models were rated as both moderately familiar and likely to belong to the in-group, obtaining high attractiveness and arousal ratings. Results also showed that, similarly to the original study, the facial expressions were accurately recognized. Normative and raw data are available as supplementary material at https://osf.io/mjqfx/.
Nas últimas décadas, a comunidade científica tem assistido a um incremento exponencial na divulgação de ciência, com novas revistas lançadas anualmente e milhares de trabalhos de pesquisa publicados em vários domínios científicos entre os quais a Psicologia. No entanto, se por um lado é através da acumulação de conhecimento que a ciência avança, por outro, esse conhecimento deve ser integrado no sentido de informar a investigação, a prática e os decisores políticos.As revisões sistemáticas da literatura constituem um valioso método para dar sentido a grandes corpos de informação sobre um determinado tópico, sumariar a investigação acumulada e avaliar a robustez dos seus resultados. Assim, e atendendo à importância que as revisões sistemáticas de literatura têm na acumulação e divulgação do conhecimento, é importante que sejam conduzidas através de métodos estruturados que permitam identificar, sintetizar e avaliar todos os estudos relevantes para responder a uma pergunta específica.Neste artigo apresentam-se diferentes perspetivas e orientações sobre a condução de uma revisão sistemática da literatura no domínio da Psicologia, discutem-se os desafios associados a este método e procura-se facilitar cada etapa da condução da revisão sistemática através da apresentação de instrumentos e procedimentos recomendados na literatura.
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