The Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is characterized by the triad of micrognathia, glossoptosis, and airway obstruction. Conservative management in Pierre Robin sequence consists of nasogastric tube feeding and positioning of the neonate (prone or lateral position) that facilitates the anterior position of the tongue or the application of continuous positive nasal pressure. In case of failure of this treatment, emergency tracheostomy and/or mandibular distraction must be performed.Mandibular distraction is a standard technique used by craniofacial surgeons to achieve an anteroposterior horizontal lengthening of the mandibular body, correcting the posterior position of the base of the tongue and thus retropharyngeal enlargement of the airway.The authors present 2 clinical cases of hypertrophy of the sublingual salivary glands with the use of mandibular distractors in SPR patients with severe airway obstruction.

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Kiwifruit are climacteric fruit, so they must be harvested before they are fully ripe, 26 allowing for the extension of their shelf-life via cold storage. Therefore, an adequate 27 knowledge about how ethylene-induced fruit senescence is required to avoid significant 28 economic losses. The main goal of the present study was to investigate the kiwifruit 29 ripening process at the physiological and molecular levels by RNA-seq after 1-MCP 30 (ethylene inhibitor) and Ethrel® (ethylene stimulator) treatments. The results showed that 31 Ethrel® (ethephon) treatment induced more accelerated fruit ripening, leading to rapid 32 fruit senescence, meanwhile 1-MCP (1-Methylcyclopropene) caused a slowing flesh 33 softening, and thus a longer shelf-life period. The RNA-seq was carried out on the fruit 34 after 4 and 13 days, considering day 4 as the most determinant in terms of differentially 35 Manuscript Click here to access/download;Manuscript;Salazar et al. TGG_corrected version.docx Click here to view linked References expressed genes (DEGs). The sequencing achieved 70.7 % alignment with the 36 'Hongyang' genome, obtaining 18,036 DEGs. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) 37 network shows the interaction between different pathways in two main clusters: (1) 38 pentose and glucoronate interconversions, citrate cycle, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis 39 or starch and sucrose metabolism and (2) porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism. The first 40 cluster is mainly interconnected by G6PD1 (pentose pathway); E1 ALPHA and ACLB-2 41 (citrate cycle); Achn209711 (pentose and glucoronate); LOS2 (glycolysis); HKL1 and 42 HXK1 (glycolysisstarch and sucrose); and PHS2 (starch and sucrose). In the second 43 cluster GUN5 through PORA is interacting with CRD1 and NYC1 which were 44 overexpressed by 1-MCP in the porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism. In addition, genes 45 linked to PSBY and PSBP photosynthesis-linked proteins in photosystem 2 were 46 overexpressed by 1-MCP which is undoubtedly related to chlorophyll degradation and 47 fruit senescence. These results suggest that in kiwifruit the main pathways that are 48 regulated by ethylene-induced senescence comprise sugar catabolism and chlorophyll 49 degradation.

Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa (A Chev) Liang et Ferguson) is a sub-tropical vine species from the Actinidiaceae family native to China. This species has an allohexaploid genome (from diploid and autotetraploid parents), contained in 174 chromosomes producing a climacteric and fleshy fruit called kiwifruit. Currently, only a small body of transcriptomic and proteomic data are available for A. chinensis var. deliciosa. In this low molecular knowledge context, the main goal of this study is to construct a tissue-specific de novo transcriptome assembly, generating differential expression analysis among these specific tissues, to obtain new useful transcriptomic information for a better knowledge of vegetative, floral and fruit growth in this species. In this study, we have analyzed different whole transcriptomes from shoot, leaf, flower bud, flower and fruit at four development stages (7, 50, 120 and 160 days after flowering; DAF) in kiwifruit obtained through RNA-seq sequencing. The first version of the developed A. chinensis var. deliciosa de novo transcriptome contained 142,025 contigs (x¯ = 1044 bp, N50 = 1133 bp). Annotation was performed with BLASTX against the TAIR10 protein database, and we found an annotation proportion of 35.6% (50,508), leaving 64.4% (91,517) of the contigs without annotation. These results represent a reference transcriptome for allohexaploid kiwifruit generating a database of A. chinensis var. deliciosa genes related to leaf, flower and fruit development. These results provided highly valuable information identifying over 20,000 exclusive genes including all tissue comparisons, which were associated with the proteins involved in different biological processes and molecular functions.

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