Drawing the students' attention and keeping them engaged are essential points to the learning process. Active methodologies place the students at the center of this process and make them the protagonists of discovery, rather than just passive information receivers. There are different teaching strategies to create an active learning environment and to engage the students to it. Current evidences indicate that active learning improves understanding and information retention. It is also effective in developing higher-order cognitive skills. Nevertheless, the adoption of active methodologies is still low. The authors of the current paper encourage the reflection on the traditional teaching practices and suggest that the active methodologies are an education option for secondary and higher education level courses as a way to meet nowadays needs in education.
Purpose: To evaluate a model of chronic renal ischemia in rats and to characterize the effects on renal tissue. Methods: 168 Wistar rats were divided into two equal groups, control (GC) and ischemia (GI). The animals of the GI (n=84) were submitted to partial ligation of the left renal artery, and the animals of GC (n=84) stayed with the renal artery intact. In seven successive and identical periods of time, in weekly intervals, 12 animals of each group were submitted to nephrectomy, with morphometric determinations and histological and ultra-structural analysis. Results: The GI presented progressive reduction in renal weight, volume and cortical thickness observed from the 7 th day of the experiment, reaching maximum degree in the 49 th day (p < 0.05). The proximal tubular atrophy in the GI was observed in 75/84 analysis (89,2%), with highly significant difference among the groups starting from the 7 th day (p=0 .0009) and in the other periods of the experiment (p=0 .00001). The most prevalent interstitial alteration was the infiltrate, present in 98,8% of the GI, with highly significant difference among the groups in the whole experiment (p=0 .00001). Ultra-structural analysis didn't demonstrate glomerular lesions, evidencing that the glomerule preserves its intact architecture during chronic ischemia. Conclusion: The model showed that chronic renal ischemia in rats provokes progressive renal atrophy, with preservation of glomerular structure. Key words: Kidney. Ischemia. Models, Animal. Rats. RESUMOObjetivo: Avaliar um modelo de isquemia renal crônica em ratos e caracterizar os efeitos no tecido renal. Métodos: Utilizaramse 168 ratos Wistar divididos em dois grupos iguais, controle (GC) e isquemia (GI). Os animais do GI (n=84) foram submetidos à ligadura parcial da artéria renal esquerda, e os animais do GC (n=84) permaneceram com a artéria renal intacta. Em sete períodos de tempo sucessivos e iguais, em intervalos semanais, 12 animais de cada grupo foram submetidos à nefrectomia, com determinações morfométricas e análises histológica e ultra-estrutural. Resultados: O GI apresentou redução progressiva no peso, volume e espessura cortical renal a partir do 7º dia do experimento, atingindo grau máximo no 49º dia (p < 0.05). A atrofia tubular proximal no GI ocorreu em 75/84 análises (89,2%), com diferença altamente significativa entre os dois grupos a partir do 7º dia (p=0.0009) e nos demais períodos do experimento (p=0.00001). A alteração intersticial mais comum no GI foi o infiltrado, presente em 98,8%, com diferença altamente significativa entre os dois grupos (p=0.00001). A análise ultra-estrutural não demonstrou lesões glomerulares, evidenciando que os glomérulos preservam sua arquitetura intacta durante a isquemia crônica. Conclusão: O modelo mostrou que a isquemia renal crônica em ratos provoca atrofia renal progressiva, com preservação da estrutura glomerular.
Pancoast syndrome consists of signs and symptoms resulting from a tumor affecting the pulmonary apex and adjacent structures. The process is typically caused by a neoplasm. The majority of cases of Pancoast syndrome are caused by bronchogenic carcinoma. The most commonly found histologic subtypes are adenocarcinoma and epidermoid carcinoma. There have been very few reports of small cell lung carcinoma in the genesis of Pancoast syndrome. We describe the case of a patient with Pancoast syndrome caused by small cell lung carcinoma and discuss the aspects related to the diagnosis and treatment.
A agenesia da veia cava inferior é uma anomalia congênita rara, que foi recentemente identificada como um importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento e a recorrência de trombose venosa profunda de membros inferiores em jovens. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar o caso de uma paciente que apresentou trombose venosa profunda dois meses após a realização de cirurgia de varizes. A angiotomografia computadorizada demonstrou a presença de anomalia venosa complexa com ausência da veia cava inferior.
A doença renal isquêmica ou nefropatia isquêmica relacionada à doença renovascular pode evoluir de forma rápida e progressiva para a insuficiência renal crônica. É fundamental a identificação e o tratamento precoces desta condição clínica, prevenindo a ocorrência de doença renal em estágio terminal, com consequente necessidade de terapia de substituição renal. Há uma década, o controle da hipertensão renovascular era o objetivo primário no manejo de pacientes com doença renovascular. Atualmente, a meta está dirigida principalmente para a estabilização e a melhora da função renal, além do controle dos níveis pressóricos.
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