Acoustic telemetry allows for fine-scale, or positional, tracking of fish in localised environments, and advancement in analytical techniques allows for quantifiable patterns in fish movement and behaviour. White sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus in the regulated Upper Columbia River are listed as endangered in Canada due to their considerable decline over the last century. An improved understanding of where, when, and why white sturgeon move in relation to river regulation is important for species recovery. A VEMCO Positioning System was used to collect the positions of white sturgeon in critical habitats immediately downstream of a dam on the Upper Columbia River over a 1 yr period. We applied hidden Markov models and generalised linear mixed models to (1) identify ecologically meaningful movement behaviours within the positions dataset; and (2) investigate the relationships between movement behaviour and biological (sex) and environmental (e.g. discharge, temperature, habitat) factors. Two behaviour states were identified: ‘residential’, characterised by short movements with less frequent turns, and ‘exploratory’, characterised by longer movements with more frequent turns. Water temperature largely influenced the mean weekly probability of a behaviour state, while discharge influenced the spatial distribution of movement behaviours. Changes in movement patterns were also apparent across seasons, with a higher occurrence of residential behaviour in the winter and spring and exploratory behaviour in the summer and fall. Results will help inform species recovery measures, such as overall flow management and optimization of operations to reduce impacts of river regulation.