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The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

Program Manager, MFI), Alvaro Gonzalez (Principal Economist, Jobs Group), and David Robalino (Manager, Jobs Group) supervised its preparation. Yara Salem (Country Manager, MNCIQ) and the Iraq Country Office provided guidance and facilitated consultations. The government of Iraq gave feedback and directions in the course of a workshop in Baghdad 17-18 December, 2017, under the aegis of the Vision 2030 process led by Luca Bandiera. The team gratefully acknowledges helpful peer review comments received from Eric Le Borgne and John Speakman.

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