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TiO2 develops a higher efficiency when doping Bi into it by increasing the visible light absorption and inhibiting the recombination of photogenerated charges. Herein, a highly efficient Bi doped TiO2 photoanode was fabricated via a one-step modified sol-gel method and a screen-printing technique for the anode of photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC). A maximum degradation rate of 91.2% of Rhodamine B (RhB) and of 89% after being repeated 5 times with only 2% lost reflected an enhanced PFC performance and demonstrated an excellent stability under visible-light irradiation. The excellent degradation performance was attributed to the enhanced visible-light response and decreased electron-hole recombination rate. Meanwhile, an excellent linear correlation was observed between the efficient photocurrent of PFC and the chemical oxygen demand of solution when RhB is sufficient.

Photocatalytic materials can effectively decompose water to produce hydrogen and degrade pollutants, ameliorating environmental issues. These materials are currently a popular research topic for addressing energy shortages and water pollution issues worldwide. Herein, we prepared composite catalysts with g-C3N4/rGO heterojunctions formed via the stacking of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets and three-dimensional (3D) carbon nitride, and the catalysts displayed excellent photocatalytic activity in experiments for hydrogen production (4.37 mmol g−1 h−1) and rhodamine B elimination (96.2%). The results of structural characterization showed that the recombination of rGO has no effect on the morphology of g-C3N4, and the photochemical characterization results showed that the photogenerated electron migration of the prepared composite was accelerated. Additionally, a possible mechanism of enhancement involving synergy between the 3D structure of the catalyst and the g-C3N4/rGO heterojunctions was proposed on the basis of catalyst characterization and photocatalytic experiments. The prepared composite catalysts had large specific surface areas and abundant adsorption sites due to the 3D structure, and the g-C3N4/rGO heterojunction provided high electron mobility, resulting in low recombination of photoinduced electron and hole pairs and high conductivity. Moreover, free radical species that may play a substantial role in the photocatalytic process were analyzed via free radical quenching experiments, and possible catalytic mechanisms were presented in this study.