Current population structure patterns of roe deer Capreolus capreolus in Spain were assessed through the analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Restriction fragment length polymorphism was detected in the D-loop and NADH-dehydrogenase ND1 segments of mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear variation was investigated using 12 microsatellite loci. A total of 126 roe deer were analysed from fourteen sampling sites across the Iberian peninsula, including the Andalusian population from Sierra de Cádiz, which represents the southwestern limit of the distribution of C. capreolus. Results from both mitochondrial and microsatellite variation revealed a considerable level of structuring for roe deer populations throughout the Spanish range. In particular, evidence was provided from mtDNA of a genetic differentiation of roe deer populations in northern Spain from those occurring in southern areas, with a particular distinctiveness of the Andalusian roe deer. Concordant results were obtained from classical clustering analysis based on microsatellite loci. Furthermore, a Bayesian approach to microsatellite data proved more efficiently that northern roe deer are in turn genetically heterogenous, comprising at least three subpopulations. The phylogeographic pattern suggests a history of long-term isolation of the two main groups of roe deer populations, possibly as a consequence of the climatic changes in the Late Pleistocene. The occurrence of two genetic lineages calls for different strategies of conservation and management of this species in the Iberian Peninsula, according to the geographic distribution of populations.

. 1995. Socioeconomic, physiognomic, and climatic factors determining the distribution pattern of roe deer Capreolus capreolus in Spain. Acta Theriologica 40: 37-43.In Spain, the highest density of roe deer Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758) is found in the northern mountains, whereas towards the south, populations are frag mented into isolated nucleii. In order to analyse the distribution patterns of this species in Spain and its variation during the last five years, a multivariate analysis o f the influences o f several socioeconomic, physiognomic and climatic factors was performed. This species prefers to inhabit damper and colder areas. Its distribution also reflects changes in human population; roe deer are associated with areas of zero growth or an actual decline in population density. An active management is essential to the conservation of the southern populations due to their geographic isolation and the low populational density of each nucleus.

TARLE l.-Average btrth date for ma/e and ¡emale fallow deer in Dañana, .spaln. Mann-Whifne!l U tesl was used to compare hirth dates between 5(':te,~.

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