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Photodynamic therapy is a binary treatment now accepted in clinic for various malignancies in several countries around the world. Phthalocyanine molecules are second-generation photosensitizers with enhanced photophysical and photochemical properties over those of porphyrins. They have been shown to be phototoxic against a number of cell types and tumor models. A great deal of research has been devoted to the elucidation of their mechanism of action and mode of cell death. The present paper reviews phthalocyanine pre-clinical anti-cancer research with emphasis on phthalocyanine induced apoptosis using a silicon phthalocyanine, Pc4. A brief summary of the latest clinical results using phthalocyanines is presented.

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Key Points Question What percentage of the Virginia population had been exposed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 after the first wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections in the US? Findings In this cross-sectional study of 4675 adult outpatients presenting for non–COVID-19–associated health care in Virginia, a seroprevalence of approximately 2% was found, with an estimated 66% of seropositive results associated with asymptomatic infections. Hispanic ethnicity, residence in a multifamily unit, and contact with an individual with confirmed COVID-19 infection were risk factors significantly associated with exposure. Meaning This study found that, as of August 2020, the population of Virginia remained largely immunologically naive to the virus.