No abstract

Glibenklamid memiliki waktu paruh yang singkat, sehingga modifikasi pelepasan terkendali diperlukan dan dapat dicapai dengan mikrosfer. Kitosan sebagai polimer disambung silang dengan natrium tripolifosfat (NTPP), selanjutnya mikrosfer dibuat menggunakan metode spray drying. Laju alir yang rendah menghasilkan suhu outlet yang tinggi pada spray dryer sehingga variasinya dapat menghasilkan karakteristik mikrosfer yang berbeda. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh laju alir terhadap karakteristik fisiko kimia mikrosfer yang diperoleh. Variasi laju alirnya adalah 7,5 ml/menit untuk F1 dan 6,5 ml/menit untuk F2. Identifikasi gugus fungsi menunjukkan adanya semua puncak glibenklamid dan gugus spesifik yang membuktikan terjadinya sambung silang antara kitosan dengan NTPP. Hasil identifikasi titik lebur dan energi termal menunjukkan kitosan membentuk ikatan sambung silang dengan NTPP serta puncak glibenklamid tidak ditemukan karena glibenklamid terselubungi oleh kitosan-NTPP. Rata-rata ukuran partikel F1 adalah 5,00 µm sedangkan F2 adalah 4,02 µm. Morfologi bentuk permukaan keduanya menghasilkan permukaan partikel yang sferis tetapi pada F2 memiliki permukaan yang lebih halus. Efisiensi enkapsulasi dan perolehan kembali F2 lebih tinggi dari F1, sebaliknya indeks pengembangan dan kandungan lembab F1 lebih tinggi. Profil disolusi kedua sampel menunjukkan pelepasan yang bertahap dibandingkan dengan glibenklamid murni. Perbedaan laju alir menyebabkan perbedaan bermakna karakteristik fisikokimia mikrosfer sehingga menghasilkan perbedaan pelepasan glibenklamid.

Abstract—Acyclovir is an antiviral used for the treatment of herpes simplex but it's a short half-life, thereby increasing the administration frequency. To overcome this problem, the acyclovir microsphere system was created with chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate (NTPP). The formulation used a spray drying method which is influenced by the inlet temperature. Three variations of the inlet temperature are given, i.e. 170 oC (M1), 180 oC (M2), and 190 oC (M3). Physicochemical characterization obtained the same results on the three microspheres. They showed the occurrence of cross-linking between chitosan and NTPP. The average particle sizes of M1, M2, and M3 microspheres were 8.52 µm, 8.92 µm, and 9.83 µm respectively. All microspheres' morphology was spherical with a rough surface. The moisture content of M1, M2, M3 microspheres were 6.63%, 5.49%, 4.63%, respectively. The swelling index of M1, M2, and M3 microspheres obtained from 0.5-4 hours were 143.11-258.86%, 167.26-239.61%, and 152.49-259.60%. The recovery of M1, M2, and M3 microspheres was 33.93%, 47.26%, and 35.09% respectively. The acyclovir encapsulation efficiency of M1, M2, and M3 microspheres were 115.32%, 117.14%, and 111.16% respectively. Dissolution testing showed all three microspheres have the potential for controlled drug delivery systems. The inlet temperature affects the microsphere characteristics and the best inlet temperature was 180 oC.   Abstrak—Asiklovir merupakan antivirus yang digunakan untuk terapi herpes simplex karena tingkat selektivitasnya tinggi tetapi waktu paruhnya cepat sehingga meningkatkan frekuensi pemberiannya. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini asiklovir dibuat sistem mikrosfer. Dalam penelitian ini kitosan digunakan sebagai polimer dan natrium tripolifosfat (NTPP) sebagai penyambung silang. Pembuatannya menggunakan metode spray drying yang dipengaruhi oleh suhu inlet, sehingga diberikan tiga variasi suhu inlet yaitu 170 oC (M1), 180 oC (M2), dan 190 oC (M3). Karakteristisasi fisikokimia meliputi identifikasi gugus fungsi, perubahan melting point, dan energi entalpi memperoleh hasil yang sama pada ketiga mikrosfer yaitu terjadinya ikatan sambung silang antara kitosan dengan NTPP. Ukuran partikel rata-rata mikrosfer M1, M2, M3 berturut-turut adalah 8,52 µm, 8,92 µm dan 9,83 µm. Morfologi bentuk ketiga mikrosfer adalah sferis dengan permukaan kasar. Kandungan lembap mikrosfer M1, M2, M3 berturut-turut adalah 6,63%, 5,49%, 4,63%. Indeks pembengkakan mikrosfer M1, M2, M3 yang diperoleh dari 0,5-4 jam berturut-turut adalah 143,11-258,86%, 167,26-239,61% dan 152,49-259,60%. Perolehan kembali mikrosfer M1, M2, M3 berturut-turut adalah 33,93%, 47,26% dan 35,09%. Efisiensi enkapsulasi asiklovir M1, M2, M3 berturut-turut adalah 115,32%, 117,14% dan 111,16%. Pengujian disolusi asiklovir menunjukkan ketiga mikrosfer berpotensi untuk sistem penghantaran obat terkendali. Suhu inlet berpengaruh terhadap karakteristik mikrosfer asiklovir dan suhu terbaik adalah 180 oC.

Objective: The aim of this study was to obtain recommendations about critical process parameters (CPP) and optimal ratio of trehalose and inulin as critical material attribute (CMA) on insulin dry powder formulation with spray-freeze-drying (SFD) method. Methods: Inulin dry powder was formulated with the SFD method, which consisted of an atomization process and freeze-drying (FD). SFD processes were optimized in order to obtain dry powder and CPP was analyzed. All seven variations of formulas proceeded with physicochemical characterization to obtain the optimal formula. Results: In the early optimization, there was a slight time lag between the atomization process and FD; as a result, some of the powder coagulated and crystallized. Another critical parameter was that the FD process should not be interrupted for at least 50 h of FD. Dry powder proceeded with physicochemical characterization, a formula without inulin showed semicrystalline properties, while six formulas had amorphous properties due to its combination. All formulas had a spherulite shape and rough surface. Five formulas with the combination of trehalose and inulin obtained dry powders with a diameter range of 30-43 μm, moisture content below 3.5% and high encapsulation efficiency (EE). Formula with the ratio of 1:1 (F4) showed optimal properties with moisture content and EE of 2.62% and 99.68%, respectively. Conclusion: This study concluded that there were two critical process parameters in the SFD method. There should be no time lag in SFD process and FD time which should not be interrupted. The optimal ratio for trehalose and inulin was shown by F4 with ratio of 1:1.

Green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) is a potent natural ingredient with flavonoid content that can be used as an antioxidant and anti-aging for skincare products. The formula containing green tea extract is usually formulated as oil in water emulsion or cream. The active components of green tea are catechins which are characterized as less stable against oxidation. Therefore, it is needed to add other antioxidants such as ButylatedHydroxy Toluene (BHT) and Tertiary–Butyl Hydroquinone (TBHQ) to protect the product from degradation. The aim of this study was to obtain a physically stable antiaging cream formula. Each formula was tested for physical stability by measuring several variables including organoleptic, pH, relative density, viscosity, and flow properties, as well as droplet size. Accelerated stability testing is carried out for 3 mo at 40 °C and 75 % relative humidity. The results found that cream with the BHT formula is more stable than the TBHQ formula in terms of the parameters of density and droplet size. While the TBHQ formula only gave better stability in pH, the other variables from both formulas remain stable in 3 mo. It can be concluded that the green tea extract cream with BHT antioxidant is more stable than the TBHQ.