The surfactant depletion and hydrochloric acid instillation models produce acute hypoxemia in an otherwise hemodynamically stable animal. A brief endotoxin infusion provides a model for cardiovascular instability and pulmonary hypertension but fails to produce hypoxemia in the pig. The oleic acid infusion creates a model of marked cardiovascular instability, pulmonary hypertension, and profound hypoxemia. However, none of the acute lung injury models described was associated with the production of tumor necrosis factor.

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