Injection of autologous myoblasts is safe, well tolerated, and significantly improves symptoms of anal incontinence due to obstetric anal sphincter trauma.

The tension-free vaginal tape has become a frequently performed operation in Austria. There are considerable variations in clinical practice. The risk of bladder perforation was increased in patients with previous surgery. Severe complications were rare.

Pelvic floor sonography is currently the gold standard in gynecology for the morphological diagnosis of incontinence and of functional disorders of the pelvic floor. X-ray examinations and MRI of the pelvic floor are much less common nowadays, and these examinations are usually only done to investigate more complex issues which cannot be adequately evaluated with ultrasonography. Diagnostic ultrasonography should be done both perioperatively and after surgery for urinary incontinence or prolapse to evaluate complications. Sonography also provides useful biofeedback and can be used to assess the patientʼs progress after conservative treatment. A review of recent international literature shows that, in the majority of studies, morphological diagnoses are obtained with sonography. A number of different methods are used for investigation and evaluation, which can make it difficult to compare the findings of different studies. While in previous years introital sonography and perineal ultrasound were the preferred 2D imaging methods used for diagnosis, more recent studies have focused on the use of 3D imaging methods. The basic principle, which applies to both approaches, is that metric assessments are secondary to descriptive evaluations as an important constituent of urogynecological diagnostics. Both methods are useful, particularly to assess complications after surgery for urinary incontinence and prolapse procedures, and both procedures have an important role to play in understanding and managing complications. Investigation TechniquesStandard diagnostics should include 2D imaging. The choice of where to insert the probe and whether to use 2D or 3D imaging depends on the availability of ultrasound units and probes. In principle, three different methods can be used for ultrasound investigation: 1. endosonographic applications: vaginal ultrasound, endo-anal sonography, 2. external applications: perineal/introital/abdominal ultrasound, 3. a combination of the two methods, as described by J. Kociszewski (Hagen) who refers to this approach as "pelvic floor sonography".Interdisciplinary S2k Guideline: Sonography in Urogynecology Short Version -AWMF Registry Number: 015/055Interdisziplinäre S2k-Leitlinie: Sonografie im Rahmen der urogynäkologischen DiagnostikKurzfassung -AWMF-Register-Nummer: 015/055

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