Silvicultural aspects of black pine plantations: analysis of Italian regional laws During the last century, afforestation programmes were planned in most of the Italian regions and black pine plantations have represented one of the main public policy effort in mountain areas. The afforestation tecniques has been generally similar throughout Italy, producing nowadays artificial back pine forests showing similar age and structures. Nevertheless, contrasting forestry legislations and decision making both theoretically and technically are adopted at regional scale specifically on black pine forest management. Because of these heterogeneity of laws and regulation, a reference knowledge base can standardise and harmonise the different terms and technical-management aspects often involved in the forestry sector. The aim of this work is to provide a legislative history concerning afforestation at the National level, with a synoptic framework of the current regional forest legislation on the treatment of black pine forests.

IntroduzioneI cambiamenti sociali, economici, politici e culturali dell'ultimo secolo hanno portato, nei paesi ad economia avanzata, a una serie di mutamenti socio-politici tangibili quali l'urbanizzazione, l'educazione di massa, la specializzazione occupazionale e la burocratizzazione (Martinelli 2008). Tali cambiamenti hanno fatto emergere nuovi bisogni e richieste da parte della società nei confronti delle risorse naturali. È in questo contesto che nell'ambito della gestione delle risorse naturali si è affermato un nuovo paradigma di gestione forestale, che ha combinato i principi della multifunzionalità forestale con il concetto di sviluppo sostenibile così come definito dal " Rapporto Brundtland" (Brundtland 1987). Il suddetto paradigma, definito come Gestione Forestale Sostenibile (GFS), è il prodotto del cambiamento nella gerarchia dei valori che ha messo in secondo piano i valori materialistici a favore di quelli post-materialistici (Inglehart 1998). Se analizziamo tale gerarchia di valori nell'ambito del rapporto tra società e risorse naturali, i valori materialistici sono rappresentati dai cosiddetti valori economici utili al sostentamento delle comunità locali (ad esempio, la legna da arde- it).Abstract: Perceptive analysis of the Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) through the cognitive maps. SFM is the current paradigm in forest management. This paradigm has mixed the principles of multifunctionality with the concept of sustainable development. Despite the association between SFM and public participation, the sustainable management of forest resource can be achieved from the technical point of view both with a topdown approach, where a low number of social actors are involved in the decision making process, and a bottom-up approach, where the number of social actors and interests is broad. Following this second approach, a preliminary stage is the construction of the scenario perceived (mapping of stakeholders and analysis of the hierarchy of preferences and interests). This analysis, achieved through the construction of individual and collective cognitive maps, improves the cognitive framework and supports the facilitator in the decision making process. The cognitive maps of the stakeholders are the starting point of the participatory forest management. The paper focuses on the implementation of a method, based on the cognitive maps, aimed to identify and analyse the perception and the hierarchy of interests of the stakeholders with respect to the SFM. The method was tested in a case study characterized by rural vocation where the primary sector has a key role from both social and economic point of views (Alto Matese, Molise Region).