This paper contains discussions on: (1) the background to the development of criteria and indicators (C&I); (2) sustainable forest management; (3) the benefits that could be derived from the application of C&I; (4) scale issues and the application of C&I at the lowest management unit level; (5) challenges in implementing C&I and the role of scientists; and (6) the key issues and actions needed to enhance indicator development for each criterion (socioeconomic values, productivity, health and vitality, soil and water values, carbon balance and biodiversity).
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