Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is endemic in East Asia and Europe. This study was initiated to investigate the reactivity of antibodies in sera of Chinese HFRS patients with the recombinant nucleocapsid proteins (rNPs) of Hantaan virus (HTNV), Dobrava-Belgrade virus (DOBV), and Puumala virus (PUUV), which are the prevalent hantavirus strains in Europe. Forty-eight pairs of acute and convalescent sera were collected from HFRS patients in Hubei, China (1985-2002) and tested by indirect IgG, IgA, and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with six rNPs of European hantaviruses as coated antigens, respectively. The results showed that the sensitivity of rNPs against IgG was HTNV-rNP > DOBV-rNP > PUUV-rNP, while the sensitivity against IgA was DOBV-rNP > HTNV-rNP > PUUV-rNP. Quantitative analysis revealed both acute and convalescent sera from HFRS patients predominantly exhibit high levels of IgA. Although PUUV-rNPs showed very weak reactivity to the three kinds of immunoglobulins in all samples, three pairs of sera unexpectedly cross-reacted strongly to all three PUUV-rNP subtypes. We first observe that HFRS patients' sera from Hubei Province show new prevalent characteristics of cross-reacting with PUUV-rNPs and continued high level of IgA in convalescent phase, as well as in China.

Abstract. Landslide monitoring is important in predicting the behavior of landslides, thereby ensuring environmental, life, and property safety. On the basis of our previous studies, we conducted the double shear test by using a third-generation optical fiber transducer that uses expandable polystyrene (EPS) as base material. However, the thirdgeneration transducer has poor performance when cohesive force is present between the grout and capillary stainless steel pipe of the transducer. Thus, the fourth-generation optical fiber transducer was invented. Similar to the third-generation transducer, the fourth-generation transducer also used EPS as its base material. Single shear test was conducted on the fourth-generation transducer after being grouted with cement mortar (1 : 1 mix ratio). The micro-bend loss mechanism of the optical fiber was considered, and the optical time domain reflectometry instrument was used. The fact that the loss sequence of optical fibers subjected to loading is different at various locations is found. The relationship of the loadingpoint displacement vs. optical fiber sliding distance and optical loss were measured. Results show that the maximum initial measurement precision of the newly proposed device is 1 mm, the corresponding sliding distance is 21 mm, and the dynamic range is 0-20 mm. The fourth-generation transducer can measure the movement direction of loadings, thus making this transducer applicable for landslide monitoring.