⎯The paper discusses the key strategic challenges of the development of agriculture in Russia. The materials were not only statistical data, but also the results of expert interviews with heads of agricultural enterprises, farmers, and employees of local and regional administrations in several regions. The internal and external factors of the development of industry in Russia are assessed in the format of SWOT analysis. The following is identified among the key strategic challenges: the processes of intensification of agricultural production; overcoming the quantitative and skill deficit of human resources; adaptation of the development of the agrarian infrastructure to modern realities; preservation of the multistructural character of the industry. Each of these processes is considered in more detail at the regional level. An assessment is made of territorial differences in the intensity of modernization processes in agriculture and the renewal dynamics of the agricultural machinery fleet. The regional features of agricultural employment are singled out, and limiting factors of attracting qualified workers in agriculture are defined. The paper assesses the effectiveness of state support for agricultural production. Examples are given of the discrepancy between the distribution of federal subsidies and the real geography of production.

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