In this report, we present data demonstrating that cylindrical metallic particles, with various submicrometer striping patterns, may be readily distinguished in an optical microscope. Accurate particle identification is discussed relative to synthesis reproducibility and the limitations of optical microscopes. Results from a library of these particles, of which over 100 different striping patterns have been produced, are presented. For these particles, made with Au and Ag stripes, more than 70 patterns may be identified with greater than 90% accuracy. The ability to chemically modify the surface of these particles, making them useful for bioanalytical measurements, is also demonstrated. Finally, we discuss improvements in our manufacturing and identification processes that will lead to both larger numbers of striping patterns and improved identification accuracy.

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IntroductionThe susceptibility to adverse outcome from critical injury (occurrence of sepsis, septic shock, organ dysfunction/failure, and mortality) varies dramatically due to different degrees of inflammatory response. We assessed the relationship of the genotype distribution of various cytokine gene polymorphisms (CGP) with regard to the development of sepsis, organ dysfunction or mortality in severely injured patients.MethodObservational, hospital-based cohort study of 114 severely injured North Indian patients from New Delhi admitted to the Emergency Department (ED) of Trauma Centre, AIIMS. Patients were monitored from day first to discharge or death, measuring SOFA score, sepsis and septic shock occurrences up to one month. We have analyzed 13 cytokine genes, including the SNPs of structural and regulatory regions at 22 positions.ResultsSequence-specific primer based PCR indicated that eight polymorphic loci IL-1α /-889, IL-1β/-511, IL-1R (pstI 1970), TGF-β/ code 10, TNF-α/-308, TNF-α/-238, IL-6/+565 and IL-10/-1082, out of 22 SNPs are significantly associated with sepsis morbidity and outcome. Theses SNPs might be used as risk determinants of the outcome. Patients with IL-10 (−1082A/A) genotypes were found significantly higher in post traumatic sepsis patients and had a significantly higher risk to developed sepsis complication (p < 0.05, OR = 0.86, C.I = 0.08-8.8).In case of TNF-α (−308) position, GA and GG genotype patients have a significantly lower risk of poor outcome (p < 0.05, OR = 0.25, C.I = 0.01-1.3) and (p < 0.05, OR = 0.22, C.I = 0.01-0.5) in comparison to AA genotype. In this study, two polymorphisms (IL-1β (−511) and IL-1R) were significantly associated with the development of MOF and mortality, where as IL-1α (−889) polymorphism associated with susceptibility for sepsis. The distribution of haplotypes of TGF-β and IL-6 were also associated with sepsis susceptibility and outcome.ConclusionIn conclusion, we have found that the alternations in the genotype and allele frequency of IL-1β (−511C/T), TNF-α (−308 G/A), TNF-α (−238 G/A) and IL-10 (−1082 G/A) genes are associated with an higher risk of sepsis development in trauma patients and outcomes.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13049-015-0174-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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