The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of astaxanthin added to freezing buffer on semen parameters, total sperm oxidation stress after postthawing of boar sperm, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) which is caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in sperm membrane. Varying concentrations of astaxanthin (0, 10, 50, 100, and 500 μM) were used in the freezing buffer during cryopreservation to protect the DNA of thawed miniature pig sperm. Semen parameter was measured using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) for sperm motility, and then ROS rate and oxidative stress of boar sperm were determined using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Sperm motility was higher (p < 0.05) in the astaxanthin group than in the control group. Sperm motility and the number of progressive motile sperm were higher (p < 0.05) in the astaxanthin 500 μM group than in the control group. In ROS evaluation, the astaxanthin group had lower intracellular O2 and H2O2 in viable sperm. Yo-Pro-I/HE and PI/H2DCFDA staining as revealed using flow cytometry was lower in astaxanthin groups than in the other groups. As a result, we found that astaxanthin could protect the sperm plasma membrane from free radicals and LPO during boar sperm postthawing.

Lonicera caerulea (Honey berry, HB) has been used in medical treatment in Russia, Japan, China and Korea. It has high level of vitamin C and polyphenolics. Polyphenolics can improve anti-inflammatory effect and prevent cancer, diabetes mellitus type 2. Also, Vitamin C is a representative anti-oxidant. however, it is still unknown what effect it will have on the oxidation stress of the reproductive system. In previous studies, ROS can be produced when it is exposed to heat stress and has negative effect on sperm's maturation, capacitation, hyperactivation, acrosome reaction and fusion of egg and sperm. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the antioxidant effects of L. Caerulea on the sperm and mice. At first, it conducted using ICR mouse (n = 20) for 4 weeks. There are four groups of mice (n = 5 per group). Also, L. Caerulea was taken by oral gavage. Group I (control) kept at 23℃-27℃ and administer D.W (0.5 mL/day), Likewise, Group II (HB) kept at room temperature but gave HB (250 mg/kg, 0.5 mL/day), Group III (HB + HS) received heat stress (40℃) using hyperthermia induction chamber and gave HB at same dose. and Group IV (HS) exposed heat stress only. Mainly, we showed degree of gene expression using Western blot in SOD, HSP 70, 17β-HSD and Real-time PCR. It can find correlation between intracellular activity like steroid hormone, apoptosis under ROS and antioxidant activity of L. Caerulea.

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Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as "an exogenous agent that interferes with synthesis, secretion, transport, metabolism, binding action, or elimination of natural blood-borne hormones that are present in the body". EDCs are thought to primarily function through nuclear hormone receptors, including estrogen receptors (ERs), androgen receptors (ARs), progesterone receptors, thyroid receptors (TRs), and retinoid receptors. However, current research has shown that they have multiple mechanisms of action such as working with non-nucleic steroid hormone recipients, non-steroid recipients, and orphan receivers. EDCs are found in chemicals and plastics used in our daily lives including synthetic chemicals such as industrial solvents or lubricants and by-products such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated Degenerative changes in testis, epididymis, and sperm quality in ICR mice treated with methoxychlor and bisphenol A

Diabetes mellitus is a carbohydrate metabolism disorder accompanied by hyperglycemia occurring when the rate of insulin secretion is insufficient because insulin synthesis is hindered or when normal functions of insulin are not carried out in the liver, fat, and muscle tissues due to insulin resistance (Park et al., 2007;Joung et al., 2017). Type 2 diabetes accounts for most of the diabetes, and South Korea is no exception. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the prevalence rates of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) among adults aged 20-79 years in South Korea as of 2017 were 8.84 and 13.76%, respectively, and were predicted to increase to 12.08 and 16%, respectively, by 2045, and the global prevalence rates were predicted to increase by 48%