INVESTIGACIONESElección de escuela en Chile: De las dinámicas de distinción y exclusión a la segregación socioeconómica del sistema escolar School choice in Chile: From distinction and exclusion to the social segregation of the school system RESUMENLa literatura internacional ha constatado desde hace más de una década la estrecha vinculación entre elección de escuela, clase social y segregación social de los sistemas educativos. En Chile, en cambio, es solo recientemente que el estudio de los procesos de elección en el marco de la alta segregación y estratificación del sistema escolar ha emergido dentro de la agenda investigativa. Avanzando en esta línea, este artículo profundiza y contrasta las dinámicas de elección de familias de clase media y baja, desde un enfoque cualitativo. Los resultados cuestionan decididamente los principios discursivos sostenidos por los defensores del school choice, aportando evidencia respecto de los procesos mediante los cuales las familias chilenas de ambos estratos fabrican la segregación y estratificación del sistema, a partir de sus lógicas de elección educativa, en el contexto de un diseño institucional de política que acentúa estas lógicas más que neutralizarlas.Palabras clave: elección de escuela, segregación socioeconómica, clases sociales, Chile, política educativa. ABSTRACT International studies have claimed for many decades the relationship between school choice, social class and social segregation in education systems. In Chile, in contrast, the analysis of parental choice processes, in the context of the high level of social segregation within the school system, have emerged only recently within the research agenda. Within these trends, this paper explores and contrasts the dynamics of school choice of middle and lower classes, from a qualitative perspective. The results question the discursive principles held by advocates of school choice, providing evidence about the processes by which families produce and contribute, by their school choices, to the segregation and stratification of the system, in the context of the specific policy design in which school choice is currently enacted.Key words: school choice, social segregation, social class, Chile, education policy. RESUMO A literatura internacional tem constatado, há mais de uma década, a estreita ligação entre escolha de escola, classe social e segregação social dos sistemas educativos. No Chile, no entanto, só recentemente, é que o estudo dos processos de escolha no contexto da alta segregação e estratificação do sistema escolar tem emergido nas investigações científicas. Avançando nessa linha, aprofundam-se e contrastam-se as dinâmicas de escolha de famílias de classe média e baixa, desde uma abordagem qualitativa. Resultados questionam fortemente os princípios discursivos sustentados pelos defensores do school choice, fornecendo evidências sobre os processos por meio dos quais as famílias chilenas de ambos os estratos fabricam a segregação e estratificação do sistema, a partir das suas lógicas de escolha educati...
The article analyses the trust relationship between principals and teachers in primary schools in the specific Chilean educational context. The analysis is based on the concept of school trust, emphasizing Bryk and Tschannen-Moran’s classic works. A mixed sequential quantitative–qualitative research methodology is used, including both a survey and a qualitative case study carried out in nine schools. The main results, include: principals and teachers take a different approach when forging trust they have in one another. While principals confer this trust, teachers earn it. Likewise, principals mainly set the tone, intensity and scope of the trust relationship; principals are more critical of teachers, mainly questioning certain aspects of their professional skills. Conversely, teachers normally base trust on more personal matters; individual traits of both principals and teachers have little impact on their relational trust, the exception being the number of years teachers have been on the job. While for teachers there are hardly any differences (and this changes only when it comes to the prevailing principal’s leadership), among principals, differences emerge from schools’ size, socio-economic level and public or private status; and a final discussion propounds the importance of the educational context when analysing trust relationships and positional power in schools.
La literatura internacional define las características de los profesionales efectivos de niveles intermedios que logran impulsar procesos de mejoramiento continuo en los aprendizajes y la formación de los estudiantes. En Chile, los sostenedores están en tránsito desde un rol de administrador hacia uno de liderazgo en el plano técnico pedagógico. El artículo revisa las leyes y normativas que han moldeado su rol, para luego mostrar los resultados de una encuesta aplicada a sostenedores que informa de las funciones que realizan y de su importancia, el tiempo que le dedican a distintas actividades, la evaluación de su preparación para asumir las nuevas tareas y el apoyo técnico pedagógico que entregan a sus establecimientos. Los resultados indican que continúan asignando más importancia y tiempo a las funciones administrativas y que si bien liderar en lo técnico pedagógico es considerado importante, le dedican menos tiempo y declaran poca preparación para ello. El artículo da cuenta de la urgencia de formar a los sostenedores en lo que hoy se espera de ellos, en particular, en el ámbito público, considerando la nueva figura legal de los Servicios Locales de Educación Pública.
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