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Background: In Egypt, drug abuse is one of the dangerous problems that threaten the young adults and worry the government. One of the most essential points for drug abusers are those dealing with the transportation and driving on the road because substance abuse increases the possibility of death after road accidents. Subjects & methods: The study was conducted in Minia Governorate in order to determine the prevalence of drug abuse in urine samples of drivers. The screening test was done with the cooperation of ministry and ministry of interior. The study was conducted in Minia Governorate from 6 th September 2014 till 5 th February 2015 on 3338 male drivers aged (16-70) years old. Results: The test was positive in 473 drivers (14.2%). The highest percentage of drug abuse was observed among age group (18-30) years old. The prevalence of tramadol was 7.2%, Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 3.6%, opium 0.15%, benzodiazepines 0.03%, combined tramadol and THC 2.9%, tramadol and opium 0.1%, tramadol and benzodiazepines 0.03%, combined tramadol, THC and opium 0.2%. According to vehicle type; taxi and microbus drivers had the highest percentage of drug abuse followed by private cars then truck drivers. There was a decrease in the number of positive cases among the period of study from September till February. Conclusion: The highest percentage of drug abuse was among age group (18-30) years old. Tramadol was the most common drug of abuse among drivers in Minia Governorate.

One of the important duties of the forensic experts is to differentiate between antemortem, perimortem, and postmortem bone fracture to estimate the postmortem interval. This study aimed to differentiate between antemortem, perimortem and postmortem bone fracture in late postmortem interval by histopathological technique. Sixty rats were equally divided into 6 groups. The first, second, third, and fourth groups involved rats that their left femora were fractured and left alive for 6, 3, 1 days and 12 hr. before scarification respectively. The fifth and sixth groups included rats that their left femora were fractured just before death and 2 hours postmortem respectively. Bone fracture was examined 3 and 6 days postmortem. Bone samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E), trichrome stain, and Prussian blue (iron stain). Hemorrhage, the number of osteocyte nuclei, the number of bone marrow nuclei, and the degree of bone marrow dehydration were assessed. Our results revealed that hemorrhage was more evidenced in 1-day fracture, then 3 days and 12 hours, while, less in 6 days and at time of death. It was absent in postmortem fracture. There were significant decreases in the number of osteocytes and bone marrow nuclei, bone marrow hydration, and Prussian blue when examined at 6 days postmortem in comparing with 3 days postmortem. This study concluded that H&E and trichrome stain succeeded in estimation of the age of the long bone fracture and differentiation between antemortem, perimortem and postmortem fracture, while Prussian blue stain showed insignificant changes in fracture produced just before death.

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The present study aimed to identify the possible protective effect of diacerein (DIA) on gentamicin (GNT)-induced parotid toxicity in rats. DIA was administered in the presence and absence of GNT. Thirty-two Wistar adult male rats were randomly arranged into four groups: control, DIA (50 mg/kg/day), GNT (100 mg/kg) and GNT+DIA groups for 8 days. Parotid oxidative stress parameters, besides inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers, were evaluated. Salivary flow rate, transient receptor potential canonical 1 (TRCP1), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) in parotid tissue were measured. A parotid histopathological examination and an interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) immunohistochemical study were also performed. GNT significantly increased parotid oxidative stress, inflammatory, apoptotic and CHOP biomarkers with decreased salivary flow rate and TRCP1 level. A histopathological picture of parotid damage and high IL-1β immunoexpression were detected. DIA significantly normalized the distributed oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic indicators, CHOP and TRCP1, with a prompt improvement in the histopathological picture and a decrease in IL-1β immunoexpression. These results reported that DIA protects against GNT-induced parotid toxicity via modulation of TLR4/NF-κB/IL-1β and TRPC1/CHOP signalling pathways. How to cite this article: Ali DM, Mahmoud MH, Rifaai RA, et al. Diacerein modulates TLR4/ NF-κB/IL-1β and TRPC1/CHOP signalling pathways in gentamicin-induced parotid toxicity in rats.