A new SOC that utilizes a very thin GDC/YSZ bi-layer electrolyte, support with enhanced porosity, and electrode surface modification via PrOx and GDC nanocatalysts pushes the limits of cell polarizations, exceeding fuel cell power density ∼3 W cm−2 and electrolysis current density ∼4 A cm−2.

Sr(Ti1−xFex)O3−δ (STF) has been explored as a high stable oxygen electrode for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions.

GDC nanoparticles reduce the reaction resistance associated with three-phase boundaries and improve oxygen transport in the Ni–YSZ electrode, as measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under actual solid oxide cell operating conditions.